This chapter assesses countries’ support to private investment in R&D. It provides an overview of current policies, describing both direct support instruments (e.g. direct procurement, grants and subsidies for R&D) and indirect instruments (e.g. R&D tax credits) used by the seven countries examined. General observations are drawn on the relative merits and demerits of direct and indirect support. Countries’ overall mix of policies, notably the balance between direct and indirect support, is also discussed.