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Cet article décrire les développements en jurisprudence en le Canada, les États-Unis, la France et la Suisse en 2012.

English

Canada
Appellate decision upholding nuclear regulatory licensing process and practices for consultation with aboriginal groups: Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General)

France
Court of Appeal of Nîmes regarding the SOCATRI incident in July 2008 Conseil d’État regarding the association Réseau « Sortir du nucléaire »

Switzerland
Judgement of the Federal Administrative Court in the matter of Balmer-Schafroth a.o.v. BKW FMB Energy Ltd on the repeal of the time limitation with respect to the operating licence for the Mühleberg nuclear power plant

United States
Judgement of a US District Court granting a permanent injunction against the State of Vermont in order to prevent certain State laws from prohibiting Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant’s continued operation

French

La Coopération italienne est confrontée à des problèmes majeurs. Premièrement, une réforme du système de coopération pour le développement s’impose de toute urgence, mais il n’existe pas de consensus au sein de la classe politique sur la manière de procéder. Deuxièmement, l’Italie ne parviendra pas à concrétiser l’engagement qu’elle a pris au plan international de porter son aide publique au développement (APD) à 0.51% de son revenu national brut (RNB) d’ici 2010 et elle a peu de chances d’atteindre le pourcentage de 0.7% d’ici 2015. En 2008, le rapport APD/RNB de l’Italie était de 0.22%. Malgré les problèmes qui subsistent, le CAD constate que des améliorations ont été apportées à la gestion de l’aide italienne depuis 2008. Il se félicite de l’intention qu’a l’Italie d’axer ses efforts sur 35 pays prioritaires, des pouvoirs élargis dont disposent à présent les ambassades et les bureaux techniques en ce qui concerne la participation à la formulation des programmes et leur mise en oeuvre, et l’acheminement de l’aide, ainsi que de l’orientation stratégique définie à haut niveau par le Comité de direction pour la coopération pour le développement. L’Italie doit encore se doter d’une stratégie de coopération pour le développement à laquelle adhèrent toutes les parties prenantes et veiller à ce que l’ensemble des ministères et autorités régionales et locales compétents oeuvrent à la réalisation d’objectifs communs : mise en place de systèmes destinés à promouvoir la cohérence entre la politique de coopération pour le développement et les autres politiques ; réforme de la gestion des ressources humaines pour le noyau de spécialistes du développement ; et suivi et évaluation indépendante réguliers. De plus, la faiblesse du débat politique sur la Coopération italienne et le manque de sensibilisation de l’opinion publique à son action montrent que les autorités italiennes doivent collaborer de toute urgence avec la société civile pour rallier l’adhésion des citoyens à la cause du développement et amener le public à exercer des pressions à l’appui de la réforme de la Coopération italienne.

English

Switzerland’s aid volume was USD 2.02 billion in 2008, an increase of more than 6% over the previous year, and a total of 0.42% of its gross national income (GNI). In 2008 it had already surpassed its Monterrey commitment to contribute 0.4% of its GNI to official development assistance (ODA) by 2010. Switzerland should adopt a 0.5% target for its aid, keeping in mind the 0.7% UN target. Switzerland has a long tradition of international assistance; its aid to humanitarian causes and multilateral donors serves as an example in good practice. Although Switzerland contributes to international thinking on governance and development in fragile situations, it faces challenges in implementing some of the international principles for making aid more effective, particularly in fragile states. Swiss aid is dispersed among too many countries and sectors, and it now strives to strengthen its focus. While welcoming the steps Switzerland has taken to reinforce its strategic approach to development co-operation, greater cohesion between the Ministries of Economic and Foreign Affairs would reduce duplication and transaction costs. In reforming its aid system, Switzerland will need to do more to set standards, monitor outcomes and assess impact of its development co operation programmes. Switzerland has made progress in bringing areas such as trade and the restitution of stolen assets in line with its commitments to development. It must build on such examples to ensure that all policies are coherent with its development aims. Switzerland must also strengthen efforts to communicate the positive results of aid in order to maintain strong public and political support.

French

Le premier amendement modifie le financement des activités de l’Agence fédérale de contrôle nucléaire (AFCN) dans la mesure où une partie des frais de fonctionnement est transformée en ressource d’origine fiscale. En plus de ces ressources fiscales, des frais de fonctionnement et des amendes administratives, le financement peut s’opérer par le biais de donations, de legs et d’autres modes de financement.

English

One amendment changes the funding of the activities of the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) whereby part of the fees is transformed into taxes. Besides taxes, fees and administrative fines, funding is possible by means of donations, legacies and extra fees.

French

Macroeconomic data are indispensable for modern governance, yet it is often unclear how reliable these data are. The production process of macroeconomic data inside the statistical offices is often not very transparent for the general public. Bystanders usually have no choice but to take for granted the published data because criteria by which to judge data quality are wanting. Hoping to contribute to a better understanding of the quality of macroeconomic data, this paper proposes several plausibility checks and applies them to recently published Swiss labour productivity growth figures. Although the proposed checks cannot "prove" or "disprove" the official data, they are capable of either strengthening our confidence in the official data or, alternatively, of casting them into doubt. Policy debates drawing on official data will hardly be able to ignore differences in the degree of confidence with which these data are held to be accurate.

Switzerland’s public accounting system has been completely overhauled. The New Accounting Model for the Confederation was used for the first time to prepare the 2007 budget and the 2008-10 financial plan. This article examines the fundamental new directions of financial management in Switzerland.

Le nouveau mécanisme budgétaire suisse du « frein à l’endettement » part du principe, ou plutôt vise l’objectif, d’un déficit structurel nul.1 L’ampleur du déficit structurel revêt donc une importance particulière pour la conduite de la politique budgétaire dans le cadre du freinage de l’endettement. D’après les estimations récentes, le déficit structurel est de l’ordre de 3.5 milliards de francs suisses, soit environ 7 % des dépenses publiques centrales ou moins de 1 % du PIB. Par rapport à la limite posée aux déficits par l’Union européenne (UE, critères de Maastricht, 3 % du PIB) c’est évidemment peu. Toutefois, ce chiffre ne tient pas compte de la sécurité sociale, dont les comptes sont indépendants de ceux de l’État fédéral suisse.

English

Traditionnellement, la politique de la concurrence en Suisse était relativement complaisante et peu exigeante. La politique de la concurrence avait donc, au mieux, un impact neutre sur le développement économique. Mais le faible taux de croissance devenant problématique, une conception plus dynamique de la concurrence a été jugée déterminante pour accélérer la croissance. La loi sur les cartels a été révisée en 2003 renforçant ainsi le droit suisse de la concurrence, grâce notamment à l’introduction de sanctions directes pour les violations les plus graves et d’un programme de clémence, se rapprochant ainsi des législations de l’Union européenne et des pays de l’OCDE. La commission suisse de la concurrence a été dotée de pouvoirs bien plus larges pour lutter contre les restrictions privées à la concurrence. La COMCO devra appliquer les nouvelles dispositions fermement et intensifier son action en faveur des réformes réglementaires. Mais sa pleine indépendance se heurte à une série de mécanismes institutionnels. L’autorité suisse de la concurrence ne bénéficie pas du réseau d’information sur lesquelles peuvent s’appuyer les autorités de la concurrence des états membres de l’UE. Il s’y ajoute un manque relatif de ressources. Un marché intérieur performant a besoin d’un renforcement du droit de la concurrence. Les modifications apportées pour durcir la loi sur les cartels et les propositions de réforme en cours d’examen traduisent la détermination de l’État fédéral face à ce problème. Ce rapport a servi de base à un examen par les pairs dans le cadre du comité de la concurrence en 2005.

English

Swiss competition policy has traditionally been relatively lenient and low profile. The impact of competition policy on economic development has therefore been at best neutral. As the slow rate of growth becomes an issue, however, a more vigorous approach to competition has been identified as an important factor for improving growth prospects. The 2003 reform of the Cartel Act strengthened Swiss competition law, in particular by introducing direct sanctions for the most serious infringements and a leniency programme, thus bringing it closer to that of the European Union and of many other OECD countries. The Swiss Competition Commission has been given considerable new powers to combat private restraints of competition. Comco will have to enforce the new laws resolutely and step up action to promote regulatory reforms. In doing so, it is burdened by institutional arrangements and mechanisms that temper its full independence. The Swiss competition enforcers do not benefit from the networks of exchanges available to national competition authorities in EU member States. Matters are further complicated by a relative lack of resources. Strengthening competition is key for an effective internal market. The amendments to strengthen the Cartel Law and pending reform proposals signal determination on the part of the Confederation to tackle the problems. This report served as the basis for a peer review in the Competition Committee in 2005.

French

This article describes the national nuclear legislative and regulatory activities of Belgium, Brazil, Canada, France, Latvia, Moldova, Morocco, Norway, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland in 2006.

French

Cet article décrire les travaux législatifs et réglementarires nucléaires de la Belgique, le Canada, l'Espagne, la France, la Lettonie, le Maroc, la Moldavie, la Norvège, la Roumanie, la République Slovaque, la Slovénie, et la Suisse en 2005 et 2006.

English

The Swiss budgeting system is characterised by three special features: the political environment; the debt containment rule; and the nature of the federal budget as a transfer budget. Prominent features of the political environment are direct democracy, consensus and federalism.

The new Swiss budget rule or “debt brake” is based on the idea or rather the aim that the structural deficit should be zero.1 Therefore, the size of the structural deficit is of special importance for the conduct of fiscal policy under the debt brake. In 2003, it was estimated that there is a structural deficit in the order of CHF 3.5 billion, which represents about 7% of central government expenditure or under 1% of GDP. In comparison to the European Union deficit rule (Maastricht criteria) of 3% of GDP, this is of course a small number. However, this excludes the social security accounts, which are not included in the federal financial accounts in Switzerland. In addition, under the regime of the debt brake, the adjustment of a structural deficit has in principle to be immediate, which can be quite painful even for relatively small deficits. The adjustment can also be delayed, but this requires special provisions either through the law or through a decision of parliament to overrule the debt brake for extraordinary circumstances. The latter has to be supported by a qualified majority of both chambers of parliament.

French

In the past decade, based on a change in paradigms in university policy, performance funding on a cantonal and central state level has been introduced in Switzerland: the universities have been granted higher autonomy, combined with global budgets and contract management by the responsible authorities (cantonal authorities). At the same time, the allocation of the central state subsidies, which is only of a secondary nature, has no longer been based on input but on the achievement of targets (new University Funding Law from the year 1999). The introduction of these new performance-oriented elements – higher autonomy combined with global budgets and contract management and target-oriented allocation of central state subsidies led to intensive, sometimes controversial debates in the different parliaments and media. This work examines whether - and to what extent - these new incentives have led to behavioral changes at the universities. To test this, the work has analysed the development of efficiency - as an input/output comparison in the university production process - and that of effectiveness - as the degree to which targets formulated in the University Funding Law are achieved.

French

Ces dix dernières années, modifiant son approche des politiques universitaires, la Suisse a adopté au niveau cantonal et fédéral un mode de financement fondé sur les résultats : les universités se sont vu accorder une plus grande autonomie par leurs autorités de tutelle (autorités cantonales), associée à des budgets globaux et à une gestion contractuelle. Dans le même temps, les instances fédérales, qui n'interviennent qu'à titre secondaire dans le financement des universités, ont changé la base d'allocation de leurs subventions, substituant la notion d'objectifs à celle d'intrants (Loi fédérale du 8 octobre 1999 sur l'aide aux universités, dite Loi sur l’aide aux universités). L’adoption de ces nouveaux éléments orientés sur les résultats, à savoir une plus grande autonomie combinée à des budgets globaux et à une gestion par contrats et une allocation des subventions fédérales sur la base d’objectifs, ont donné lieu à de vives discussions et controverses, à la fois dans les différentes instances parlementaires et dans les médias. Cet article examine si, et dans quelle mesure, ces nouvelles incitations ont conduit à des changements de comportement dans les universités. Pour apprécier cela, nous avons analysé l'évolution de l'efficacité technique (comparaison intrants/extrants dans le processus de production de l'université) et celle de l'efficacité générale (degré de réalisation des objectifs formulés dans la loi sur l'aide aux universités).

English

This article describes Algeria's  Decree on Protection Against Ionising Radiation (2005), its Decree on Radioactive Waste Management (2005), and its Decree on Food Irradiation (2005). It also describes Armenia's Decree on Food Irradiation (2005), Belgium's Act Amending the 1994 Act on Protection of the Public and the Environment Against Radiation and Relating to the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (2005), Brazil's Decree on the National Defence Policy Including the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons (2005), Finland's Nuclear Liability Bill (2005), France's Order on Professional Activities Using Raw Materials Containing Natural Radionuclides not Used for Their Radioactive Properties (2005) and its Order on the Organisation of a National Network to Measure radioactivity in the Environment and on Criteria for the Certification of Laboratories (2005), Germany's Act on the Control of High-activity Sources (2005), its Ordinance on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail (2005), and its Ordinance on Establishing a Prohibition to Alter the Conditions of the Subsoil Within the Gorleben Salt Formation (2005), Hungary's Decree on the Procedures of the Hungarian Atomic Energy Authority in Nuclear Safety Regulatory Matters (2005), Israel's Amendment to the Pharmacists’ Regulations (Radioactive Elements and Their Products) (2005) and its Import and Export Order (Control of Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Exports) (2004), the Republic of Korea's Act on Physical Protection and Radiological Emergency (2004), Poland's Regulation on Ionising Radiation Dose Limits (2005) and its Regulation on Positions for Ensuring Nuclear Safety and Radiological Protection and on Radiological Protection Inspectors (2005), Portugal's Decree-Law Setting up the Independent Commission for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (2005) and its Decree-Law Establishing the Environmental Monitoring System of Radioactivity (2005), Romania's Order on Methodological Norms Regarding Planning, Organisation and Intervention in the Event of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (2005) and its Order Approving Generic Procedures for Data Collection, Validation and Response During a Radiological Emergency (2005) as well as its Order on the Norms Regarding the Release of Radioactive Effluents into the Environment (2005), Slovenia's Regulation on Requirements for Workers in Nuclear Installations and Radiation Facilities (2005) and its Regulations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials, Nuclear Installations and Radiation Facilities (2005), South Africa's recent regulatory developments in the nuclear field, Sweden's SKI Regulations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Facilities (2005) and Guidance for Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste (2005), Switzerland's Draft Act on Nuclear Third Party Liability (2005), Ukraine's Regime of nuclear installations, and the United States' Energy Policy Act (2005) and its Amendments to the Price-Anderson Act (2005) on nuclear third party liability.

French
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