Kazakhstan has made remarkable progress in the decades since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Significant recent reforms include the development of a rulesdriven fiscal framework, the strengthening of its public management and business climate, and the allocation of resources for improved social services and critical infrastructure to sustain growth. As part of its long-term development vision, the country’s ambition is to join the ranks of the 30 most developed countries in the world by 2050.