Governance Frameworks to Counter Illicit Trade
This report examines governance frameworks to counter illicit trade. It looks at the adequacy and effectiveness of sanctions and penalties applicable, the steps parties engaged in illicit trade take to lower the risk of detection - for example through small shipments - and the use of free trade zones as hubs for managing trade in illicit products. It also identifies gaps in enforcement that may need to be addressed. The report provides an overview of selected enforcement issues in BRICS economies (Brazil, China, India, the Russian Federation and South Africa).
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Effectiveness of Enforcement Frameworks for Countering Illicit Trade
This chapter analyses the effectiveness of the sanctions and penalties being used to counter illicit trade. It provides an overview of sanction regimes and legal frameworks at the international and national levels, along with an assessment of the national policies and programmes being employed. Case studies are presented on i) counterfeit goods, ii) illicit tobacco trade, iii) illicit trade in narcotics iv) pharmaceuticals and v) illegal wildlife trafficking. The chapter also explores how the criminal and legal frameworks could be enhanced.
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