Over the past decades, Mexico has implemented major reforms in the agriculture sector that have resulted in economic and social gains of considerable significance. These changes, however, have also reduced the relative importance of the sector in the economy. Despite the progress, further efforts are needed to tackle numerous challenges involving sector competitiveness and rural poverty. Competitiveness and efficiency could be enhanced by shifting from a subsidies approach to one that favours targeted investments in innovation and infrastructure, improving the focus and the transparency of PROCAM PO, developing a broad risk management strategy that differentiates catastrophic from normal risks, and integrating policy-making institutions. As social policies focusing on the poor in rural areas are developed, agricultural policies and land tenure systems should be further reformed to facilitate innovation, structural adjustment, and social development. During the first weeks of his government, President Enrique Peña Nieto has signaled the priorities for this sector with a focus on increasing productivity and production to ensure food security and reduce poverty in the sector, in line with the issues discussed in this chapter.