Population growth, rising standards of living, and rapid industrial development are the major drivers of increasing waste generation. While Israel has largely succeeded in curtailing illegal dumping and in closing unregulated dumps, which were major problems in the 1990s, the vast majority of waste is still disposed in landfills. Israel has responded to these challenges by adopting waste management plans and legislation in line with good international practices. This chapter takes stock of such policy initiatives, including those that aim to reduce waste generation, encourage recovery and recycling, and ensure safe disposal of municipal and hazardous waste. It discusses the environmental and economic implications of recently implemented measures such as Extended Producer Responsibility systems and a landfill levy, as well as of the lack of explicit waste collection charges. The challenge of remediating contaminated land is also examined.