This chapter provides an overview of the main policy instruments used for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. It begins with protected areas – the most prominent instrument for biodiversity conservation in Latin America – followed by a discussion on other regulatory approaches such environmental impact assessments, strategic environmental assessments, land-use planning and zoning. The chapter then examines the use of economic instruments such as payments for ecosystem services, biodiversity offsets, tradable resource extraction quotas and fiscal incentives. The role of environmentally harmful subsidies is also reviewed. The final section discusses voluntary and information instruments, such as certification, eco‑labelling and voluntary agreements.