I thank you for the invitation to participate in the concluding panel of this workshop, which I found very interesting and very encouraging for future OECD action in this field. Being the only person from academia on this panel, I would like to take the opportunity to highlight for the audience of policy makers (representatives of OECD member states) some aspects of the problem of women’s under-representation in research and science. I examine them in the light of findings from women’s and gender studies in the scientific and technological fields. I believe that policy making can greatly benefit from knowledge produced in universities that enables it to improve its efficiency.