PISA 2012 is the first large-scale international study to assess the financial literacy, learned in and outside of school, of 15-year-olds nearing the end of compulsory education. It assesses the extent to which students in 18 participating countries and economies have the knowledge and skills that are essential to make financial decisions and plans for their future. This chapter highlights the importance of financial literacy, defines financial education and financial literacy, and discusses how the assessment was organised. It also offers an overview of the limited and uneven provision of financial education in schools in participating countries and economies, and describes the steps taken in some countries to improve financial literacy among students.