The Swedish approach combines national standard-setting and central test development with a high degree of trust in school professionals to carry out evaluation and assessment. All educational activities are organised around a system of management by objectives, where each level of the education system – national agencies, municipalities and schools – engage in evaluation activities. At the central level, there is a high degree of transparency in measuring and publishing results on goal achievement. However, while key elements of evaluation and assessment are well established, they currently do not link into a coherent framework. Challenges remain in aligning the different elements of evaluation and assessment and ensuring that the data collected at different levels are appropriately integrated and used for improvement.