In Sweden’s highly decentralised education system, evaluation and assessment are crucial to ensure that professionals get the information and feedback they need to improve the quality of their work. Evaluation and assessment are also key tools for the central Government to monitor whether national goals for quality and equity in education are being achieved. The Swedish approach combines national standard-setting and central test development with a high degree of trust in school professionals to carry out evaluation and assessment. While key elements of evaluation and assessment are well established at student, teacher, school and system levels, challenges remain in aligning the different elements to ensure consistency and complementarity.