Since a major administrative reform in the early 1990s, Sweden has one of the most decentralised education systems in the world, with its 290 municipalities in charge of organising and operating school services. School leaders and teachers also have wide-reaching autonomy in deciding on study options, teaching materials and methods. The role of the national Government and agencies is to set curriculum goals and monitor outcomes rather than to focus on inputs and processes. In this highly decentralised context, evaluation and assessment are crucial to ensure that professionals get the information and feedback that they need to improve the quality of their work. Evaluation and assessment are also key tools for the central Government to monitor whether national goals for quality and equity in education are being achieved.