Great advances have been made in gender equality in education. In all OECD countries, younger women today are far more likely to have an upper secondary or tertiary qualification than women a generation ago. University-level graduation rates for women now equal or exceed those for men in two-thirds of the OECD countries. However, women remain persistently under-represented in areas such as mathematics and science. This chapter suggests that action in this area needs to be targeted at youth and, indeed, children.