This indicator examines the relative earnings of workers with different levels of educational attainment of 25 OECD countries and the partner economy Israel. This indicator also presents data that describe the distribution of pre-tax earnings (see Annex 3 for notes) within five ISCED levels of educational attainment to help show how returns to education vary within countries among individuals with comparable levels of educational attainment. The financial returns to educational attainment are calculated for investments undertaken as a part of initial education, as well as for the case of a hypothetical 40-year-old who decides to return to education in mid-career. For the first time, this indicator presents new estimates of the rate of return for an individual investing in upper secondary education instead of working for the minimum wage with a lower secondary level of education.