Seven per cent of the 25-54-year-old men are now inactive outside the labour market, many more than three decades ago. Solid growth since the late 1990s has brought down unemployment but not inactivity, with 2½ million currently claiming incapacity benefit. This chapter evaluates how these people could be helped back to work via active support from the Pathways to Work programme and encouragement from a restructured incapacity benefit. Better understanding the role played by mental health problems and improving treatment and rehabilitation will be key to success in this area.