Backward and forward participation indices suffer from an identification problem since potential drivers for GVC integration affect both the numerator and the denominator. Against this background, the subsequent analysis builds on per capita domestic value added, forwarded value added (that is the domestic value added that ultimately serves as input to foreign countries’ exports) and backward-sourced value added (that is foreign value added contained in domestic gross exports), as dependent variables. In accordance with available data points annualised growth rates of the dependent variable are calculated over a total of 4 windows (1995-00, 2000-05, 2005-08, 2008-11):