France has improved its steering of co-operation by focusing efforts on the three main players. Institutional arrangements remain complex, however, and generate high transaction costs. Measures to improve steering and rationalise structures will therefore have to be continued and extended to other players. That will mean revitalising interministerial co-ordination mechanisms and restoring a forum for consultation with civil society. AFD, which has retained its status as a financial institution, will have to continue to adapt its procedures and instruments to its extended remit and to the contexts in which it operates.