Japan has faced low growth, rising government debt and deflation
How's life in Japan? A mixed picture
Key macroeconomic indicators
Consumer price inflation has fallen since 2014
The upward trend of the yen during 2016 has been reversed
The gap between the growth of productivity and real wages is large in Japan
The minimum wage in Japan is relatively low
Evolution of macro-financial vulnerabilities since 2007
Real exports by type of goods
Quantitative and Qualitative Easing has sharply increased Japan's monetary base
Quantitative and Qualitative Easing has reduced interest rates across the yield curve
Asset price trends in Japan are improving
The Bank of Japan's holdings of domestic government bonds are high
Total working hours have declined as part-time employment has increased
Japan's population is declining and ageing
Increasing female employment can help limit the looming labour supply shortage
Productivity growth has slowed in Japan, as in most OECD countries, since the 1980s
Relative poverty in Japan has risen to a high level
Productivity at Japanese firms has diverged significantly during the past few decades
Labour income inequality is positively correlated with productivity disparities between firms
Annual firm exit and entry rates in Japan are low compared to other advanced countries
The share of entrepreneurs in Japan is low, especially among women
Productivity in small firms in Japan is low relative to large firms
Credit guarantees for SMEs in Japan are exceptionally large
Small firms in Japan tend to stay small
There is scope to align Japan's product market regulation with OECD best practice
R&D spending is concentrated in large manufacturing firms
The wage gap between regular and non-regular workers is large
Green growth indicators: Japan
Japan's government debt is the highest in the OECD but interest payments on the debt are low
Long-run simulations of the government debt ratio
Government projections show it failing to meet its fiscal targets
Sustained fiscal consolidation is needed to reduce and stabilise the government debt ratio
Government revenue has not kept up with rising expenditures
Elderly-related social spending is projected to rise further
The tax and transfer system redistributes income from the working-age to the elderly
Transfers and asset holdings support high levels of consumption among the elderly
The higher the number of beds, the longer are hospital stays, leading to greater health spending
Local government spending varies widely, influenced by ageing and population density
Japan's stock of public capital is exceptionally large
Japan's taxes on goods and services, and personal income are relatively low
The effective personal income tax rate on high earners is reduced by low rates on capital gains
Environmentally-related taxes in Japan are well below the OECD mean
Productivity growth has slowed worldwide since the 1990s
Labour productivity in Japan remains about a quarter below the top half of OECD countries
The labour productivity gap between global frontier firms and other firms is widening
Productivity in Japanese firms has diverged significantly
Exit, bankruptcy and dissolution of firms in Japan
The share of non-viable firms in Japan is significant
International comparison of corporate insolvency frameworks
Japan's annual firm entry rate is lower than in other advanced economies
Views on entrepreneurship in Japan are negative
Access to entrepreneurial training and finance is relatively low in Japan, especially for women
The venture capital sector is relatively undeveloped in Japan
Share of institutional investors complying with the Stewardship Code's principles
The share of companies with independent directors has increased rapidly
Agricultural producer prices in Japan are high
Japan's farm workforce is elderly
The level of foreign direct investment in Japan remains low
The productivity gap between manufacturing and non-manufacturing has widened sharply
Public credit guarantees for loans to small and medium-sized enterprises have fallen significantly
Non-regular employment is concentrated among women
Percentage of workers reporting a skill mismatch in 2011-12
Japan is lagging in the share of firms with broadband connectivity
Japan's fiscal situation has deteriorated considerably over the past 20 years
Rapid population ageing will create strong upward pressure on government spending in Japan
Sustained fiscal consolidation is needed to reduce the government debt ratio
The impact of the social safety net on the working-age population is weak in Japan
The upward trend in public social spending in Japan is projected to continue
Health spending in Japan increased rapidly due to ageing and more intensive care
The use of generic drugs in Japan is low
The elderly in Japan make frequent use of medical services
Long-term care expenditure has more than doubled in 14 years
Problems in Japan's pension system
The coverage of the Basic Livelihood Protection Program is rising
Subnational government revenue, expenditure and debt in Japan relative to the OECD
Local government expenditure is steady but its composition is changing
Differences in per capita spending is largely financed by central government transfers
Spending by municipalities is driven up by ageing and falling population density
The decline in Yubari's population is projected to continue
Yubari is paying more than half of its general revenue for debt redemption
Childcare capacity is limited in major urban areas
The fall in the number of school-age children allows scope for school consolidation
The public capital stock in Japan is exceptionally large
Government transfers to public hospitals have increased
Social security contributions have risen significantly during the past 25 years
Japan's consumption tax is relatively low
Replacing income deductions with a tax credit lowers the burden on low-income households
Social security contributions pose heavy burdens on non-regular workers