Japan has faced two major shocks since 2008

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Recent macroeconomic developments in Japan

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The yen remains well above its average since 1990 in nominal, but not real, terms

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Deflation continues

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Interest rates on bank loans have fallen

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A long-term comparison of central bank balance sheets

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The monetary base target

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Japanese asset prices have been on a downward trend during the past two decades

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The Producer Support Estimate for Japan is one of the highest in the OECD

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Japan's farm work force is elderly

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The degree of decoupling in Japan is one of the lowest in the OECD

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Japan's targets for food self-sufficiency in 2020

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Japan's electricity price in the industrial sector was one of the highest in the OECD in 2011

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Japan's population, already the oldest in the OECD, is ageing rapidly

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Spending per student on pre-primary education was low in Japan in 2009

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The gap between central government expenditure and tax revenue is widening

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Public debt in selected OECD countries

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The primary budget balance is projected to remain in deficit through 2023

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Public social spending has risen rapidly, driven by pensions and health care

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The impact of taxes and transfers on income inequality and poverty is weak in Japan

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Assistance to low-income households is small in Japan

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Family income plays a key role in determining students' path following high school graduation

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How does life compare in Japan?

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The impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on industrial production

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Agricultural production by type of farm household in 2010

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The share of less distortive agricultural support is low in Japan

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The changing structure of Japanese agriculture

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The average production cost of rice is relatively low in Tohoku

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Replacing market price supports with direct payments would result in welfare gains

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Development of electric power generation in Japan

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Electricity prices in Japan were relatively high in 2011

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Electricity supply capacity has fallen since 2010

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The share of the general electric utilities in electricity generation and the retail market remains high

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Trading volume in the Japan Electric Power Exchange remains small

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Share of renewable energy in power generation in Japan is low

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Japan's energy intensity was below the OECD average in 2011

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Japan's fiscal situation has deteriorated sharply over the past 20 years

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Structural characteristics of Japan's budget balance

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Government interest payments have fallen significantly

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Long-term government bond holdings

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The primary budget balance is projected to remain in deficit through 2023: Primary budget balance of central and local governments and gross debt as a per cent of GDP

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Pension reserves have declined faster than expected

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Public social spending has risen while revenue fell in Japan

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Revenues from environmental taxes are low in Japan

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Taxes and transfers have relatively little impact on income inequality and poverty in Japan

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Assistance to low-income households is low in Japan

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The upward trend in public assistance recipients in Japan

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The regressive nature of the consumption tax and possible policy responses

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