Heterogeneity in socio-economic status within countries

Mean performance in reading, by international decile of socio-economic status

Mean performance in reading, by national quarter of socio-economic status

Differences in top performance related to socio-economic status and percentage of top performers

Strength of the socio-economic gradient and reading performance

Academic resilience

Parents’ support and student resilience

Disciplinary climate at school and student resilience

Proportion of students exhibiting a growth mindset

Growth mindset and student resilience