Despite national and international efforts, fish piracy continues to thrive worldwide. Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a problem that affects both territorial and international waters, and involves all types of fishing vessels, regardless of their registration, size or state of repair. IUU fishing depletes global fish stocks and undermines efforts to secure and rebuild those stocks for the future. In doing so, IUU fishing activities generate harmful effects on the economic and social welfare of those involved in legal fishing, and reduces incentives to play by the rules.

This chapter brings together a number of elements of the IUU study and forms a synthesis of the analysis, present key observations and identifies possible new ways forward in the combat of IUU fishing activities. Firstly, the chapter presents the state of play on IUU fishing by discussing the available evidence on both the evidence of IUU fishing and the actions taken, from regional fisheries management organisations, national authorities and non-governmental organisations. Secondly follows a description of the analytical framework for IUU fishing and the drivers that underpin such activities. Finally, the chapter presents an assessment of how well the actions taken actually impact the economic drivers of IUU fishing and discusses some alternative avenues for the future combat.

The purpose of this chapter is to develop an analytical framework for understanding the IUU fishing activities. The analytical framework borrows heavily from the economics of crime and punishment. Section 1 clarifies the concepts and terms used; i.e. IUU fishing activities can be conducted by vessels registered in flag States assumed to comply with current international regulations and by vessels registered in flag States not party to RFMOs or to international conventions. Section 2 presents the analytical framework: theory suggests that an individual will commit an offence if and only if the [private] expected benefit from IUU fishing exceeds the expected sanction for doing so. The following section examines variables that influence the fishing profit function. The fourth section provides evidence of the likely consequences of organised IUU fishing operations. Based on this analysis, section 5 proposes measures that can be entertained to combat IUU fishing activities.

This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in the national EEZs. The main objective of this chapter is to identify frameworks for current and possible future measures against IUU fishing activities at the national, regional and international levels. On the basis of a literature review and the results of answers to a questionnaire by OECD Member countries, this chapter also provides an overview of measures in place against IUU fishing activities in terms of legal, economic and social aspects. Finally, this chapter also covers other related issues regarding IUU fishing activities including OECD instruments, open register issues, safety of vessels and crews, and regulations on vessel registration.

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...

As a core part of its study of IUU fishing activities, the Committee decided to develop an inventory of national measures in place against IUU fishing activities. This chapter outlines existing frameworks for measures in place in Member countries against IUU fishing activities on the high seas as well as in national EEZs. According to a questionnaire prepared by the Secretariat (reproduced in Annex 1 of Chapter 3), the country notes provide detailed information on individual OECD countries’ national measures in place as well as other potential legal measures that are being considered within the framework of a national plan of action on IUU fishing activities, economic measures, and social/ethical measures...