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As society and economy become increasingly knowledge-based, data become a key resource. Data-driven innovation is transforming society through far-reaching effects on resource efficiency, productivity and competitiveness. It also helps address many global challenges, such as climate and demographic changes, and scarce resources. Data-intensive science is seen as the fourth paradigm, after empirical science, theoretical science and simulation. Data also create spillover effects and positive externalities, such as socialisation and behavioural change, cultural and scientific exchange, and greater levels of trust induced by increased transparency.
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This report covers publicly funded data for science, technology and innovation (STI). This includes both public-sector information (PSI) See Chapter 1 for definitions of research data and PSI. used for research and innovation, and data produced by publicly funded research. It does not cover private-sector data – although they can be useful to science, because they raise policy issues of a different nature, such as the discussion of what data sets need to be shared due to public interest.
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This chapter introduces the definitions, scope and objectives of the report. It starts by defining the overall significance of data for private-sector innovation, scientific research and society at large. A primer on enhanced access to data starts with a definition, a description of opportunities arising from enhanced access to publicly funded data for science, technology and innovation, and a rationale in favour of open access to data. It concludes with the objectives and structure of the report.
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This chapter gives an overview of international initiatives in favour of enhanced access to publicly funded data for science, technology and innovation (STI), both on data from publicly funded research, as well as initiatives related to the broader category of public-sector information, which is increasingly being used as an input to STI. It starts by an overview of the achievements of the 2006 OECD Recommendation of the Council concerning Access to Research Data from Public Funding. It then reviews European Commission initiatives, as well as community-driven initiatives, and G7 and UNESCO work on the subject.
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Current policies in favour of enhanced access to data in OECD member countries and partner economies
This chapter presents an overview of current policies promoting enhanced access to data in OECD member countries and partner economies. It is based on the responses a survey implemented by the Committee for Science and Technology Policy of the OECD in 2017, the responses to the 2017 edition of the European Commission-OECD science, technology and innovation policy survey, as well as the case studies contributed by 18 countries during 2018.
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This chapter uses as a starting point the OECD Recommendation of the Council concerning Access to Research Data from Public Funding and the OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding. A survey conducted by the OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) in 2017 investigated the continued relevance of those principles, as well as potential additional principles for the future.In March 2018, a joint CSTP-OECD Global Science Forum workshop was held under the title: “Towards new principles for enhanced access to public data for science, technology and innovation”. The workshop brought together 30 experts from government bodies, private companies, academia and non-governmental entities to take stock of current policy practices and discuss future policy needs to support enhanced access to data.Further, the CSTP produced specific case studies of policies that illustrated good practice in policy making promoting enhanced access to data.
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This chapter draws conclusions from the preceding work and proposes possible ways forward for the future of access to data for science, technology and innovation. It starts by summarising the policy issues identified and infers implications for policy makers. It concludes by providing potential scenarios and a view of potential future developments in this policy field.