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Goods and services provided by ecosystems, including forests, are consistently undervalued in standard economic indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP). As a result, forests and other ecosystems are degraded and used unsustainably, which impacts many groups in society, not least the rural poor, who often depend on timber and other ecosystem goods and services for their livelihoods. A growing recognition is developing, of the urgent need for action to halt the degradation and loss of this natural capital.
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One of the key objectives of economic research studies such as this is to generate the factual evidence that policy requires to build a strong business case, which, in the present instance, is for a transformation in forest planning, management and monitoring, in particular to navigate towards a low-carbon development path and a green economy (see for example, UNEP, 2013). NAFORMA (2014: 13) reports that the Tanzanian mainland is estimated to have a total of 48.1 million ha of forests, which is 51 per cent of the total area. Woodlands occupy 44 million hectares or 91 per cent of the total forest area. NAFORMA categorizes the ownership and management of this forest estate into the following land ownership regimes.
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