Indonesia needs to accelerate climate action to achieve its 2030 mitigation targets
The expansion of renewable energy sources has been slow
Waste is mostly landfilled, and half of landfills are not environmentally sound
Protected areas could be expanded
The effective price on carbon is low
Fossil-fuel subsidies have dropped
Deforestation has declined since 2015, but remains high
Peat decomposition and fires are the main sources of land-based emissions
Indonesia’s economy has grown rapidly over the past decade
Natural resources account for more than 20% of GDP and half of exports
Income levels have increased substantially, while poverty is declining
Energy supply depends to a large degree on fossil fuels
Renewables targets will be hard to achieve
Energy demand in transport and industry has risen rapidly
Road vehicles and fuel consumption are expanding fast
Indonesia needs to curb GHG emissions to reach its 2030 target
Damage from climate change is projected to reduce GDP by 2.3% by 2060
Emissions of air pollutants have been decoupled from economic growth
Exposure to PM2.5 is above international guidelines
Two-thirds of collected waste is landfilled
Fertiliser consumption has increased
Fish production is increasing rapidly
Nearly two-thirds of land is tree-covered
Indonesia registered the second-largest forest loss, after Brazil
Indonesia has among the highest numbers of threatened species in the world
Map of protected areas in Indonesia
Water supply has not kept up with population growth
Economic growth would be lower if pollution were accounted for
There is room to increase energy tax revenue
Energy taxes do not reflect the climate cost of fuel use
PNBP revenue from natural resource use has declined markedly
Two-thirds of potential revenue from concessions in natural forests is not collected
Indonesia has significantly cut subsidies to fossil‑fuel consumption
Subsidies for fuel have not been adjusted to oil market prices since 2016
Electricity tariffs are below the cost of supply
Support to farmers has grown significantly
Environmental expenditure is set to rise
Investment in clean energy needs to accelerate to meet the 23% target
Renewables are not competitive in the most populated areas
Patenting in green technology is increasing slowly
The environmental goods and services market is growing
Climate-related ODA has increased in the energy and transport sectors
Forest cover has declined fast since 2005
Deforestation has been rapid
Forest degradation remains a challenge
Industrial timber concessions play a growing role in log production
Oil palm plantation has grown rapidly since 2005
Most peat ecosystems are already degraded
LULUCF emission variations follow forest fire occurrences