Cambodia has achieved steady economic growth since 2010, averaging 7% a year. The country has also become more integrated within Southeast Asia. This has been accompanied by increasing emigration, mostly to neighbouring countries, as well as greater volumes of remittances. As the social and economic importance of migration has grown, the country has begun to place more emphasis on enhancing the links between migration and development.
Sectoral policies in key areas for development, such as the labour market, agriculture, education, and financial services and investment can still affect migration decisions. The IPPMD household and community surveys incorporated a wide set of policy programmes in the four sectors to identify some clear links between sectoral policies and migration. This chapter reports on analysis of the ways in which policy programmes in these sectors in Cambodia influence people’s decision to emigrate and to send remittances.
Emigration is a significant and growing phenomenon for Cambodia. Between 2000 and 2015, the stock of Cambodians abroad increased by about 160%, from around half a million to 1.2 million people. Today, about 10% of Cambodians over the age of 15 plan to emigrate. Despite the country’s steady economic growth, labour market demand has not been sufficient to meet the increase in the working population, and poverty remains significant, despite encouraging signs. Many households choose migration as a strategy for improving their livelihoods.
In order to provide an empirical foundation to the analysis of the links between migration and policy, the Interrelations between Public Policies, Migration and Development (IPPMD) project used three evidence-gathering tools: household survey, community survey, and qualitative interviews with representatives of public, international and local organisations. This chapter explains how the sampling for the surveys was designed, as well as the statistical approaches used in the chapters that follow to analyse the links between migration and key policy sectors. The chapter includes a brief overview of the survey data, including differences across regions and between migrant and non-migrant households. It outlines some of the gender differences that emerged among migrants, and the reasons for leaving and returning.
Cambodia is missing opportunities to harness the development potential of its high rates of emigration. The Interrelations between Public Policies, Migration and Development (IPPMD) project was conducted in Cambodia between 2013 and 2017 to explore through both quantitative and qualitative analysis the two-way relationship between migration and public policies in four key sectors – the labour market, agriculture, education, and investment and financial services. This chapter provides an overview of the project’s findings, highlighting the potential for migration in many of its dimensions (emigration, remittances and return migration) to boost development, and analysing the sectoral policies in Cambodia that will allow this to happen.
Le Gouvernement royal du Cambodge s’engage à améliorer la situation de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle (SAN) dans le pays et il a mis en place divers mécanismes politiques pour gérer son caractère multidimensionnel. La mise en oeuvre a posé certains problèmes, notamment pour faire en sorte que toutes les régions et provinces bénéficient, à part égale des progrès accomplis jusqu’ici. Au vu de la situation actuelle, les résultats de la SAN varient selon les régions et provinces et la capacité à gérer les disparités territoriales est entravée par les défauts et manques de coordination entre les différents niveaux du gouvernement ainsi qu’entre les nombreuses organisations de développement et organisations non gouvernementales présentes dans le pays. L’adoption d’une approche territoriale contribuerait à garantir la mise en oeuvre effective des politiques là où elles sont le plus utiles et à établir un lien entre les politiques et programmes afin d’éviter la fragmentation et la duplication des efforts.
This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the current state of data collection and availability, in terms of quality and completeness, at the level of the national education system in Cambodia. Cambodia successfully provided data to UIS on education stratification, assessment and examination at lower and upper secondary levels, instruction time in public institutions, and number of students; but challenges included providing data on education expenditure, teacher salaries and teacher training, and national accounts. Data requested on tertiary entrance examinations is not applicable in Cambodia.
This chapter presents 2014 road safety data for Cambodia along with provisional data from 2015. It looks at recent trends in traffic and road safety as well as road user behaviour patterns, including speed, drink driving and seat belt and helmet use. The chapter also reviews Cambodia’s road safety strategy and national targets to 2020.*
The Royal Government of Cambodia is committed to improve the food security and nutrition (FSN) situation in the country, and has put various policy mechanisms in place to deal with its multidimensional nature. Implementation has presented some challenges, most notably in ensuring that all regions and provinces benefit equally from the progress achieved to date. As things currently stand, FSN outcomes vary across regions and provinces, and the capacity to deal with territorial disparities is constrained by co-ordination failures and disconnects between various tiers of government, as well as between the many development organisations and non-governmental organisations operating in the country. Adopting a territorial approach would help to ensure that policies are delivered effectively to where they are most needed, and that policies and programmes are linked up to prevent fragmentation and duplication of efforts.
This chapter presents the most recent crash data for Cambodia, as well as an update on the Cambodian road safety strategy and recently implemented safety measures.
Cambodia joined the IRTAD Group in 2010. It benefits from a twinning programme with Handicap International, Road Safety for All and SWOV (The Netherlands’ road safety research centre) to review and audit its road crash and victim information system (RCVIS). RCVIS has been progressively developed since 2004 by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Health, with the technical support of Handicap International. Most of the data are available from 2004 onward.