This document provides a description of Colombian agriculture at a glance, to then enter into a more analytical view of how macroeconomic policies have interacted with sectoral policies to contribute in shaping the activity into what it is today. The institutional framework of the biotechnology activity in the country is later exposed to lay the elements for an understanding of its potentials, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Then, the document goes into a detailed description, by prioritized crop cases, of how biotechnology interacts with other processes, sometimes as an integral part of a research program, complementing other disciplines, and other times as just being an isolated component that pursues knowledge for its own sake. The section on diffusion of biotechnology products forms a synthesis of what was previously reviewed, while the last section, on future developments, tackles an essential objective of the study which is to make proposals regarding institutional and ...
Colombia is somewhat unique in this series, in that it was never a centralised, communist state. Nonetheless, it does share some of the characteristics of the centralised socialist economies since the reins of power remained in a small clique which denied access to other parts of the society. Reforms have taken place, but they have been undertaken in a climate of resistance by vested interests and militancy on the part of those who stand most to benefit from reform. This book explains how these forces related to each other and how the conflicts were resolved - or not, as the case may be. The lessons for other countries in the region and for emerging economies in general are far-reaching.
La Colombie constitue un cas à part dans cette série d’études car elle n’a jamais été un État communiste. Toutefois, elle possède quelques points communs avec les économies socialistes centralisées : en effet, les rênes du pouvoir y sont détenues par une oligarchie qui se refuse à partager avec le reste de la société. Des réformes ont eu lieu mais elles ont été entreprises dans un climat conflictuel, avec d’un côté ceux qui défendent leurs avantages acquis et de l’autre ceux qui se battent pour la réforme car ils en seraient les principaux bénéficiaires. Cette étude décrit les rapports entre ces différentes forces et la façon dont les conflits ont été (ou non) résolus.
Les enseignements à en tirer pour les pays voisins et pour les économies émergentes en général sont d’une portée considérable.
Assessing the final impact of globalisation on poverty is a difficult task: i) globalisation affects poverty through numerous channels; ii) some linkages are positive and some are negative and therefore cannot be analysed qualitatively but require quantitative assessments, i.e. formal numerical models; and iii) trade expansion and growth (key aspects of globalisation) are essentially macro phenomena, whereas poverty is fundamentally a micro phenomenon. In this paper we use a new method that combines a micro-simulation model and a standard CGE model. These two models are used in a sequential fashion (as in a recent paper by Robilliard et al., 2002). The CGE model and the micro-simulation model are calibrated using a recent SAM and household survey for Colombia and together they capture the structural features of the economy and its detailed income generation mechanisms. We use this framework to analyse the important income distribution and poverty changes occurred with the great ...
The objective of this paper is to highlight some reflections and lessons learned from the work that has been done to promote corporate governance as a tool of competitiveness in an emergent economy like Colombia. A practical, empirical and managerial approach was used in this eminent effort.
This chapter uses co-integration analysis to estimate simultaneously a monetary reaction function and the determinants of expected inflation for Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico in the post-1999 period. It also tests for the presence of volatility spillovers between the monetary stance and inflation expectations based on M-GARCH modelling. The results of the empirical analysis show that: i) there are long-term relationships between the interest rate, expected inflation and the inflation target, suggesting that monetary policy has been conducted in a forward-looking manner and helped anchor inflation expectations in the countries under examination, and ii) greater volatility in the monetary stance leads to higher volatility in expected inflation in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico, suggesting that interest-rate smoothing contributes to reducing inflation expectations volatility. No volatility spillover effect was detected in the case of Chile.
Until 1962 there had never been any exploration specifically for uranium in Colombia; only some isolated data from some very preliminary studies. After that date the former Institute for Nuclear Affairs (Instituto de Asuntos Nucleares, IAN) began to take an interest and carried out field studies. Companies and agencies, such as Agip, Enusa, Total, Minatome, Cogema, IAEA and Coluranio surveyed part of the Andes and some sectors of the Guyana shield. The result of this phase was that some anomalies were discovered in sites such as Santa Elena (Norte de Santander Department), Berlín (Caldas Department), Zapatota, California, San Celestino and Contratación (Santander Department).
Jusqu’en 1962, aucune activité de prospection entreprise en Colombie ne concernait spécifiquement l’uranium. Le pays disposait uniquement de quelques données isolées collectées au cours d’études préliminaires. À partir de cette date, l’ancien Institut des affaires nucléaires (Instituto de Asuntos Nucleares, IAN) a commencé à s’intéresser à l’uranium et a réalisé des études sur le terrain. Des entreprises et organisations comme Agip, Enusa, Total, Minatome, Cogema, Coluranio et l’AIEA ont effectué des levés dans certaines régions des Andes et certains secteurs du bouclier guyanais, ce qui a permis de mettre en évidence quelques anomalies, notamment à Santa Elena (département de Norte de Santander), Berlín (département de Caldas), Zapatota, California, San Celestino et Contratación (département de Santander).
Tout au long de son histoire, les flux migratoires au départ de et vers la Colombie sont faibles par rapport çà ceux enregistrés dans les autres pays d’Amérique latine. Facteurs économiques et conflits intérieurs ont toutefois suscité depuis quelques décennies une forte émigration. Selon le dernier recensement, près de 4.7 % des Colombiens vivent à l’étranger (plus de 1.3 million de personnes), pour la plupart au Venezuela et aux États-Unis. Les statistiques officielles font état d’un chiffre supérieur, puisqu’elles estiment que 3 millions de Colombiens résident dans un autre pays.