This chapter examines South Africa’s management of the environment from a multi-level governance perspective. It presents the key reform of local governance and decentralisation of environmental management since 1994. It provides insights into institutional and management challenges in selected environmental sectors, including land use and water resources. Finally, this chapter presents efforts and challenges to making South Africa’s multi-level environmental governance more effective and efficient, including strengthening interagency collaboration, accountability and performance management, financing and capacity building.