Having young children disproportionately affects the employment of migrant women
The employment gap between native‑ and foreign-born mothers averages 20 percentage points across OECD countries
Employment penalties increase with the number of children, but at higher rates for migrant mothers
As children age, employment rises at higher rates for migrant mothers compared to their native‑born peers
The employment of migrant mothers is more responsive to the age of children
As children age, the employment of migrant mothers recovers, but the level of employment is always higher for native‑born women
After family formation, employment decreases more sharply for Belgium-born women with migrant parents than for women with no migrant parentage
Employment differences between women with and without migrant parentage can be largely traced to their labour market attachment before childbirth
.In Sweden, the earnings profiles of mothers vary more by the age at first childbirth than by their migration origin
In EU countries, having a working mother at age 14 has a positive impact on the employment of migrants’ children, and daughters in particular
Migrant mothers have lower occupational returns on education, compared to their native‑born peers
Employment gaps with the native‑born increase for both low and high-educated migrants upon childbearing
In European OECD countries, one in five migrant mothers are employed in an elementary occupation
In the United States and Canada, migrant mothers are overrepresented in cleaning and sales and services occupations, respectively
Part-time employment is common among mothers, but it is more often involuntary among migrant women
Part-time employment for migrant mothers is mostly concentrated in elementary occupations
Women who migrate for family reasons tend to display lower employment rates but their outcomes improve over time
At a country level, there is a positive correlation between progressive gender values and female employment
The employment of migrant mothers is less sensitive to country-level gender norms
Migrant mothers are less likely to use formal childcare
The enrolment rate of migrant children in Germany is particularly low among very small children and the gap with their native‑born peers has increased in the past decade
In Sweden, preschool enrolment rates among migrant families are high
Migrant mothers of small children are less likely to rely on informal childcare arrangements
Differences in employment rates between native‑ and foreign-born women, by motherhood status and adjusted by age, education and number of children