Trends in temporary employment differ across countries

Self-employment and part-time employment are more common among older workers

Non-standard workers earn substantially less than standard workers

Non-standard work can be a long employment spell

Combining self- and dependent employment is common in many countries

Retired self-employed individuals receive lower public pensions and are less often covered by private occupational pensions

The self-employed have slightly more assets than employees when they retire

The self-employed contribute little to social security systems

Para-subordinate collaborators in Italy

Contribution base for mandatory pensions for the self-employed in OECD countries

The self-employed often pay lower contribution rates for pensions or social security

Theoretical pensions of the self-employed are lower than those of employees

Most countries provide no or low minimum earnings requirements to accrue entitlements