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Česká republika dosáhla pokroku při oddělování hospodářského růstu od čerpání pitné vody, spotřeby energie, emisí skleníkových plynů a dalších znečišťujících látek v ovzduší. Její silná průmyslová základna a spoléhání se na uhlí však řadí Českou republiku mezi energeticky a uhlíkově nejnáročnější země OECD a znečištění ovzduší představuje vážné zdravotní riziko. Pokrok směrem k udržitelnému rozvoji bude vyžadovat posílení politického závazku k nízkouhlíkovému hospodářství a provádění nákladově efektivnějších environmentálních politik.
Toto je třetí Hodnocení politik životního prostředí České republiky. Vyhodnocuje pokrok směrem k udržitelnému rozvoji a zelenému růstu se zaměřením na oblast nakládání s odpady a materiály a oběhové hospodářství a na udržitelný rozvoj měst.
The National Accounts of OECD Countries, Financial Balance Sheets includes financial stocks (both financial assets and liabilities), by institutional sector (non-financial corporations, financial corporations, general government, households and non-profit institutions serving households, total economy and rest of the world) and by financial instrument. Data are based on the System of National Accounts 2008 (2008 SNA) for all countries.
A cada 3 anos, o Programa para Avaliação Internacional do Estudante, mais conhecido como PISA, avalia estudantes de 15 anos ao redor do mundo para determinar quão bem seus sistemas
de educação os prepararam para a vida após o período escolar obrigatório. Assim que os resultados são publicados, a mídia corre para comparar as posições de seus países nas tabelas classificativas
internacionais. Os legisladores, jornalistas e pesquisadores acadêmicos destrincham o relatório para descobrir como os sistemas de educação bem-sucedidos extraem o melhor desempenho de seus alunos, fazendo, ao mesmo tempo, o acesso à educação de qualidade mais equitativo. Mas, algumas vezes, as mensagens-chave não retornam para os professores, que estão diariamente preparando os estudantes de seus países.
The OECD Economic Outlook is the OECD's twice-yearly analysis of the major economic trends and prospects for the next two years. The Outlook puts forward a consistent set of projections for output, employment, prices, fiscal and current account balances.
Coverage is provided for all OECD member countries as well as for selected non-member countries. This issue includes a general assessment, a special chapter on the implications for public policy of the decoupling of wages from productivity and a chapter summarising developments and providing projections for each individual country.
The Statistical Annex is available on-line only at https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_outlook-v22018-2-en
Niniejszy cykl publikacji przedstawia wyniki kompleksowych przeglądów polityk rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w poszczególnych państwach oraz ustalenia zawarte w sprawozdaniach analitycznych poświęconych różnym aspektom polityk wobec obszarów wiejskich. Na przestrzeni ostatnich lat w Polsce nastąpił imponujący rozwój; mimo to, różnice między poszczególnymi regionami pod kątem osiąganych przez nie wyników gospodarczych i społecznych pozostają duże w świetle standardów OECD. Ogólne warunki życia w społecznościach wiejskich są zasadniczo niższe niż warunki życia w społecznościach miejskich a wiejskie gospodarstwa domowe są bardziej narażone na ubóstwo. W niniejszym badaniu przeprowadzono analizę szeregu polityk wywierających wpływ na rozwój obszarów wiejskich w Polsce. Zawarto w nim zalecenia dotyczące sposobu zwiększania wydajności rolnictwa, wspierania dywersyfikacji gospodarczej, zacieśniania współpracy między gminami oraz pogłębiania decentralizacji i usprawniania wielopoziomowego zarządzania.
يقدم كتاب "التمكين الاقتصادي للمرأة في بعض الدول العربية" تحليلاً للتحديات التي تواجهها الجزائر ومصر والأردن وليبيا والمغرب وتونس فيما يتعلق بجهودها الرامية إلى تعزيز توظيف المرأة وريادتها للأعمال، ويقدم توصيات في مجال السياسة من أجل م ضي الحكومات قدمًا في طريقها. ويركز الكتاب على أربعة مجالات رئيسة: يقدم الفصل الأول مقدمة عن المشاركة الاقتصادية للمرأة في ست دول، بينما يتناول الفصل الثاني الأحكام الدولية والدستورية وإمكانية حصول المرأة على العدالة، في حين يطرح الفصل الثالث تحليلاً لتأثير قانون الأسرة على تمكين المرأة، وأخيرًا يتناول الفصل الرابع قانون العمل فيما يتعلق بحقوق المرأة باعتبارها موظفة ورائدة أعمال.
Cette publication est la dixième édition de la version abrégée du Modèle de Convention fiscale concernant le revenu et la fortune de l’OCDE. Cette version abrégée contient le texte intégral du Modèle de Convention fiscale tel qu'il se lisait le 21 novembre 2017, excluant toutefois les notes historiques et les rapports antérieurs qui sont inclus dans la version complète.
This country review offers an independent analysis of major issues facing the use of school resources in Portugal from an international perspective. It provides a description of national policies, an analysis of strengths and challenges and options for possible future approaches. The analysis focuses on the process of decentralisation of school governance, the integration of local, national and international funding streams in educational financing, and the development of the teaching profession. The report covers primary and secondary school education.
The report outlines the technical aspects of the various approaches and methodologies available with respect to the assessment of risks from combined exposures to multiple chemicals. The document draws from approaches applied and experience gained in the regulatory context and will therefore be most relevant to the regulatory authorities addressing chemicals, the regulated community and other interested stakeholders. The considerations are not presented as strict guidance but rather elements to recognise in assessing combined exposures to multiple chemicals.
Agriculture in Korea is under increasing pressure to meet changing domestic demand, improve its productivity to keep up with the country's competitive manufacturing sector, and become more competitive at the international level. To date, the government has offered extensive support to farm income via price support, direct payments, preferential tax treatment, and reduced input prices. However, a more comprehensive policy approach is required to address the low-income problem in agriculture, and a more comprehensive rural development policy is also required to create employment opportunities for the younger generation.
Korea should explore its potential to export niche agricultural products and processed food that reflect its rich and unique food culture. To unleash the sector’s potential, agricultural policy should focus on improving the productivity and sustainability of commercial enterprises and develop the food processing sector. The country's agricultural innovation system should become more integrated and collaborative, benefiting from its strong competitive advantage in Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
A well-coordinated adult learning system will be essential to support the achievement of Slovenia’s long-term development goals. The transformational effects of globalisation, technological progress and demographic change on life at work and outside of it amplify the importance of getting adults’ skills right.
OECD research shows that individuals, employers and society benefit from adults having higher levels of skills. Slovenia has achieved significant improvements in student performance and tertiary attainment in recent decades. Yet today, many adults in Slovenia have only low levels of basic skills. Participation in adult learning remains below Slovenia’s targets, especially for low-skilled, unemployed and older adults, and workers in small businesses. Against the backdrop of a growing economy and awareness about the importance of skills, Slovenia’s government, social partners and stakeholders have a unique opportunity to improve how they share responsibility and work together in the adult learning system.
This report outlines how Slovenia can strengthen the enabling conditions for co-operation, co-operation between specific actors (ministries, municipalities and stakeholders), and co-operation on specific challenges (promotion and financing). It recommends eight actions that government, social partners and stakeholders can take to strengthen co-ordination and co-operation, in order to improve participation, outcomes and cost-effectiveness in adult learning.
Data on government sector receipts, and on taxes in particular, are basic inputs to most structural economic descriptions and economic analyses and are increasingly used in economic comparisons. This annual publication gives a conceptual framework to define which government receipts should be regarded as taxes. It presents a unique set of detailed an internationally comparable tax data in a common format for all OECD countries from 1965 onwards.
Les données sur les recettes des administrations publiques, et sur le produit de la fiscalité en particulier, constituent la base de la plupart des travaux de description des structures économiques et d’analyse économique, et sont de plus en plus utilisées pour comparaisons internationales. Cette publication annuelle présente un cadre conceptuel dont le but est de définir les recettes publiques devant être assimilées à des impôts et de classifier les différentes catégories d’impôts. Elle constitue également un ensemble unique de statistiques fiscales détaillées et comparables au niveau international, utilisant une présentation identique pour tous les pays de l’OCDE depuis 1965.
Consumption Tax Trends provides information on Value Added Tax/Goods and Services Tax (VAT/GST) and excise duty rates in OECD member countries. It also contains information about international aspects of VAT/GST developments and the efficiency of this tax. It describes a range of other consumption taxation provisions on tobacco, alcoholic beverages and motor vehicles.
《经合组织鞋服行业负责任供应链尽责管理指南》帮助企业在鞋服行业供应链上实施《经合组织跨国企业准则》中包含的尽责管理建议，以避免并消除自身活动与供应链造成的潜在负面影响。《指南》支持《经合组织跨国企业准则》确定的各项目标，以确保鞋服行业企业的运营符合政府政策，从而巩固企业与运营所在地社会相互信任的基础。《指南》还将支持企业实施《联合国工商企业与人权指导原则》中包含的尽责管理建议。《指南》与《国际劳工组织关于工作中基本原则和权利宣言》、 相关国际劳工组织公约和建议书及《国际劳工组织关于跨国企业和社会政策原则的三方宣言》保持一致。《指南》结合针对特定风险领域的尽责管理模块，为企业在鞋服行业中负责任运营和采购提供一揽子完整的指导。《指南》经由多利益相关方过程制定，得到经合组织成员国和非经合组织成员国，商界、工会、民间社会代表的深度参与，接受负责任商业行为工作组的监督。《指南》以实践为导向，强调通过合作、建设性的方式，应对复杂的挑战。《指南》基于法国和意大利国家联络点有关在鞋服行业实施《经合组织准则》的深度报告，对2013年6月和2014年各国家联络点在孟加拉拉纳广场悲剧性倒塌事件发生后所作的声明做出回应。
The digital revolution, globalisation and demographic changes are transforming labour markets at a time when policy makers are also struggling with persistently slow productivity and wage growth and high levels of income inequality. The new OECD Jobs Strategy provides a comprehensive framework and detailed policy analysis and recommendations to help countries promote not only strong job creation but also foster job quality and inclusiveness as central policy priorities, while emphasising the importance of resilience and adaptability for good economic and labour market performance in a rapidly changing world of work. The key message is that flexibility-enhancing policies in product and labour markets are necessary but not sufficient. Policies and institutions that protect workers, foster inclusiveness and allow workers and firms to make the most of ongoing changes are also needed to promote good and sustainable outcomes.
“The OECD’s latest Jobs Strategy is a smart and sensible updating and rethinking of how countries should advance the goal of shared prosperity. I hope policymakers around the world not only read it but take its important advice.”
Jason Furman, Professor Harvard Kennedy School and former Chairman of President Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers
“Inequality, economic insecurity, economic exclusion, are making the headlines. Anger is high, populist rhetoric is on the rise. What can be done? What strategies to adopt? These are the challenging questions taken up by the new OECD Jobs Strategy report. I hope the report triggers the very serious discussions these issues deserve.”
Olivier Blanchard, Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute, Emeritus Professor at MIT and former Chief Economist of the IMF
Recent mergers in the seed industry have led to concerns about market concentration and its potential effects on prices, product choice, and innovation. This study provides new and detailed empirical evidence on the degree of market concentration in seed and GM technology across a broad range of crops and countries, and analyses the causes and potential effects of concentration. It also explains how competition authorities have responded to mergers, and suggests policy options to help safeguard and stimulate competition and innovation in plant breeding by avoiding unnecessary regulatory barriers, by facilitating access to genetic resources and intellectual property, as well as by stimulating public and private R&D. As this study shows, policy makers have several levers besides competition policy to ensure an innovative and competitive seed industry.
Les lois et réglementations régissent la vie quotidienne des entreprises et des particuliers, et sont des outils importants de la politique de la réglementation. « Légiférer » n’a jamais été une tâche facile, mais la rapidité des transformations technologiques et l’interconnection croissante des économies la rendent plus ardue encore. Les perspectives de l’OCDE sur la politique de la réglementation 2018, les secondes de la série, identifient les efforts des pays pour améliorer leurs lois et régulations, conformément à la Recommandation de 2012 concernant la politique et la gouvernance réglementaires, et partagent les bonnes pratiques. Cette publication apporte un éclairage unique sur l’organisation et les dispositifs institutionnels dont les pays se sont dotés pour concevoir, faire respecter et faire évoluer leur réglementation. Elle lève aussi le voile sur les aspects du cycle réglementaire qui mériteraient plus d’attention de la part des décideurs publics. Enfin, elle identifie les domaines dans lesquels les pays peuvent concentrer leurs efforts pour améliorer la qualité des lois et des réglementations et les approches innovantes susceptibles de leur faciliter la tâche.
This first OECD Investment Policy Review of Cambodia uses the OECD Policy Framework for Investment to present an assessment of the investment climate in Cambodia and to discuss the challenges and opportunities faced by the Royal Government of Cambodia in its reform efforts. It includes chapters on investment trends and industrial structure, competitiveness and diversification, improving business regulation, investor protection, investment promotion, good regulatory practices, infrastructure, the investment framework for green growth, corporate governance, competition policy and how ODA is being used to improve the investment climate.
Are tax incentives the best way to encourage people to save for retirement? This publication assesses whether countries can improve the design of financial incentives to promote savings for retirement. After describing how different countries design financial incentives to promote savings for retirement in funded pensions, the study calculates the overall tax advantage that individuals may benefit from as a result of those incentives when saving for retirement. It then examines the fiscal cost of those incentives and their effectiveness in increasing retirement savings, and looks into alternative approaches to designing financial incentives. The study ends with policy guidelines on how to improve the design of financial incentives to promote savings for retirement, highlighting that depending on the policy objective certain designs of tax incentives or non-tax incentives may be more appropriate.