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Les enseignements des sciences comportementales peuvent aider les décideurs à mieux comprendre les mécanismes comportementaux qui concourent aux problèmes d’environnement et leur permettre d’élaborer et de mettre en œuvre des réponses plus efficaces. Ce rapport passe en revue les applications récentes des enseignements des sciences comportementales qui visent à orienter les individus et les entreprises vers des décisions de consommation, d’investissement et de mise en conformité plus durables.
En s’appuyant sur les interventions mises en place par les ministères et organismes chargés des questions d’environnement et d’énergie et sur le travail des équipes intergouvernementales d’étude des enseignements des sciences comportementales, le rapport décrit comment les sciences comportementales ont été intégrées dans les processus d’élaboration des politiques. Différents domaines d’action sont abordés : consommation d’énergie, d’eau et de produits alimentaires, choix du mode de transport et du véhicule, gestion des déchets et efficacité d’utilisation des ressources, respect de la réglementation environnementale et participation à des programmes volontaires. Le rapport met en lumière ce qui a marché – ou pas – dans les pratiques mises en œuvre dans les pays de l’OCDE et ailleurs.
Le Sénégal ambitionne d'être un pays émergent en 2035. Depuis 2014, le pays a mis en œuvre la première phase de sa stratégie décennale dénommée « Plan Sénégal Émergent ». En 2016, la croissance du PIB a franchi le seuil des 6 % pour la deuxième année consécutive et les projections économiques sont favorables. Néanmoins, des contraintes ont été identifiées pour parvenir à l'émergence : le fonctionnement des systèmes éducatif et fiscal et la performance de l'administration publique. Ce deuxième volume a pour objectif de proposer des réformes visant à lever ces contraintes pour consolider la relation de confiance entre l'État sénégalais et sa population, gage de la marche vers l'émergence.
This report analyses Hungary’s Public Administration and Public Service Development Strategy 2014-2020, focusing on human resources management, digital government, and budgeting practices. It also provides practical recommendations for improving efficiency.
Under President Enrique Peña Nieto’s leadership, Mexico has put together the most ambitious reform package of any OECD country in recent times, forged the political consensus necessary to approve it through the unprecedented Pacto por México, promoted these and other reforms in Congress and has started implementing them. The battery of reforms has addressed challenges in policy areas that had been waiting for deep changes for decades, including education, labour, tax, health, telecommunication, and energy and justice, among many others. Mexico still faces important challenges which is why it is crucial for Mexico to continue its reform agenda. It is imperative to strengthen some of the recent reforms, and to keep updating and promoting them to ensure their effective implementation. The OECD stands ready to further accompany Mexico on this path.
El Gobierno de México, bajo el liderazgo del Presidente Enrique Peña Nieto, diseñó el paquete de reformas más ambicioso que la OCDE ha presenciado en años recientes. Después forjó el consenso político necesario para refrendarlo mediante el inusitado Pacto por México; promovió la aprobación de estas y otras reformas en el Congreso; y comenzó a ponerlas en marcha. A través de esta batería de reformas se abordaron problemas en áreas de política pública que habían esperado cambios profundos durante décadas; en el mercado laboral, la educación, el trabajo, los impuestos, las telecomunicaciones, el sector energético y el sistema judicial, entre otras. México todavía afronta retos importantes, por lo que es decisivo para México continuar con su agenda de reformas. Además, se requiere fortalecer algunas de las reformas recientes, mantenerlas actualizadas y promoverlas para garantizar su aplicación eficaz. La OCDE está lista para seguir acompañando a México en este camino.
The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention focuses on enforcement through the criminalisation of foreign bribery but it is multidisciplinary and includes key requirements to combat money laundering, accounting fraud, and tax evasion connected to foreign bribery.
The first step, however, in enforcing foreign bribery and related offences is effective detection. This study looks at the primary sources of detection for the foreign bribery offence and the role that certain public agencies and private sector actors can play in uncovering this crime. It examines the practices developed in different sectors and countries which have led to the successful detection of foreign bribery with a view to sharing good practices and improving countries’ capacity to detect and ultimately step-up efforts against transnational bribery.
The study covers a wide range of potential sources for detecting foreign bribery: self-reporting; whistleblowers and whistleblower protection; confidential informants and cooperating witnesses; media and investigative journalism; tax authorities; financial intelligence units; other government agencies; criminal and other legal proceedings; international co-operation and professional advisers.
Les régulateurs sont les "arbitres" des marchés qui fournissent des services essentiels aux citoyens; leur rôle est de garantir que tous les acteurs de ces marchés respectent les règles et travaillent pour obtenir les meilleurs résultats possibles. Pour cela, le comportement des agences réglementaires doit être objectif, impartial, cohérent et exempt de conflits d'intérêts – autrement dit, indépendant. En même temps, les régulateurs doivent collaborer avec un certain nombre d'intervenants, qui peuvent aussi chercher à infliger des pressions et à exercer des influences indues sur les résultats réglementaires. L'indépendance des régulateurs est donc constamment mise à épreuve. Ce rapport fournit des conseils pratiques sur comment aborder ces points de tension et protéger les régulateurs économiques contre l'influence indue, en s'appuyant sur l'expérience des régulateurs qui participent au Réseau des régulateurs économiques de l'OCDE (Network of Economic Regulators, NER). Il présente une check-list pratique qui vise à accompagner les changements comportementaux et organisationnels. Ce guide aide également les parties prenantes à mieux comprendre et apprécier le rôle des régulateurs et savoir comment interagir avec eux.
Los reguladores son los “árbitros” de los mercados que proporcionan servicios esenciales a los ciudadanos; su rol es garantizar que los actores del mercado cumplan con las reglas y trabajen para lograr los mejores resultados. Por ello, el comportamiento de los reguladores debe ser objetivo, imparcial, coherente y libre de conflictos de intereses, es decir, independiente. Al mismo tiempo, los reguladores deben interactuar con una serie de actores interesados, que pueden tratar de ejercer presión e influencias indebidas sobre las actividades regulatorias y sus resultados. La independencia de los reguladores se ve así constantemente bajo presión. Este informe proporciona consejos prácticos sobre cómo abordar estos puntos críticos y proteger a los reguladores económicos de la influencia indebida, aprovechando la experiencia de los reguladores que participan en la Red de Reguladores Económicos de la OCDE (Network of Economic Regulators, NER). El informe presenta una lista de verificación práctica para apoyar el cambio conductual y organizacional, y ayuda a otros interesados a comprender y apreciar mejor el papel que juegan los reguladores en el mercado y saber cómo interactuar con ellos.
The review assesses the performance of Finland, including how its commitment to the 2030 Agenda translates into action on the ground and how it can strengthen its partnerships with a view to adopting a whole-of-Finland approach in the face of steep budget cuts.
The digital transformation of economic activities is creating significant opportunities for innovation, convenience and efficiency. However, recent major incidents have highlighted the digital security and privacy protection risks that come with an increased reliance on digital technologies. While not a substitute for investing in cyber security and risk management, insurance coverage for cyber risk can make a significant contribution to the management of cyber risk by promoting awareness about exposure to cyber losses, sharing expertise on risk management, encouraging investment in risk reduction and facilitating the response to cyber incidents. This report provides an overview of the financial impact of cyber incidents, the coverage of cyber risk available in the insurance market, the challenges to market development and initiatives to address those challenges. It includes a number of policy recommendations which support the development of the cyber insurance market and contribute to improving the management of cyber risk.
Denmark has a long tradition of setting ambitious national energy targets. In 2030, renewables should cover at least half of the country’s total energy consumption. By 2050, Denmark aims to be a low-carbon society independent of fossil fuels. The country is moving convincingly to meet these world-leading targets.
The International Energy Agency’s latest review of Denmark’s energy policies focuses on two interrelated issues: how to integrate increasing volumes of variable renewable energy in the power system beyond its current share of 45%, and how to decarbonise the heating sector.
Electricity generation in Denmark has changed fundamentally over the past two decades. Coal generation has been vastly eroded, and the bulk of power generation now comes from wind and bioenergy. Supported by a flexible domestic power system and a high level of interconnection, Denmark is now widely recognised as a global leader in integrating variable renewable energy while at the same time maintaining a highly reliable and secure electrical-power grid.
The heating sector is also critical for Denmark’s low-carbon ambitions. Denmark’s large-scale use of combined heat and power plants with heat storage capacity, and the increasing deployment of wind power offer great potential for efficient integration of heat and electricity systems. However, policies and regulations need to be aligned to realise that potential. Finding the right levels of energy taxation is particularly important.
Denmark has successfully decoupled its economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions, thanks to a combination of energy efficiency improvements, and fuel switching to renewables. As in all countries, more needs to be done to limit emissions from transport.
Ce rapport répertorie les activités de 10 institutions supérieures de contrôle des finances publiques (ISC) : celles de l’Afrique du Sud, du Brésil, du Canada, du Chili, de la Corée, des États-Unis, de la France, des Pays-Bas, de la Pologne et du Portugal. Il étudie en particulier comment ces ISC évaluent les étapes clés du cycle des politiques publiques ainsi que les programmes et politiques qui en découlent. Les ISC ont la capacité d’aller plus loin que leur rôle traditionnel de supervision pour fournir des informations contribuant à l’élaboration de politiques publiques. Ce rapport présente des exemples et des études de cas d’activités d’ISC qui prennent en compte et soutiennent l’intégration de bonnes pratiques internationales dans la formulation, la mise en place et l’évaluation des politiques et programmes publics. Il donne des indications aux ISC cherchant à développer leurs activités de supervision, de conseil et de prospective tout en prenant en compte leur stratégie interne ainsi que les défis et acteurs des politiques publiques propres à leur environnement.
Bioenergy is the main source of renewable energy today. IEA modelling also indicates that modern bioenergy is an essential component of the future low carbon global energy system if global climate change commitments are to be met, playing a particularly important role in helping to decarbonise sectors such as aviation, shipping and long haul road transport.
However, the current rate of bioenergy deployment is well below the levels required in low carbon scenarios. Accelerated deployment is urgently needed to ramp up the contribution of sustainable bioenergy across all sectors, notably in the transport sector where consumption is required to triple by 2030. But bioenergy is a complex and sometimes controversial topic. There is an increasing understanding that only bioenergy that is supplied and used in a sustainable manner has a place in a low carbon energy future.
This Technology Roadmap re-examines the role of bioenergy in light of changes to the energy landscape over the past five years as well as recent experience in bioenergy policy, market development and regulation. It identifies the technical, policy and financial barriers to deployment, and suggests a range of solutions to overcome them.
Peru has seen great progress towards the goal of providing universal health coverage to its population but still faces structural barriers to provide accessible and quality care . At the same time, Peru is going through a demographic and epidemiological transition, with an increasing disease burden from non-communicable diseases, with significant increases in cancer, CVD and diabetes, especially in urban areas. Measuring how the Peruvian health system is responding to these challenges requires a solid set of health sector statistics and indicators, underpinned by a robust health information system. The breadth and depth of data must be relevant and applicable to decision making at all levels of the health system, both to respond to national policy needs as well as comparing Peru in a regional and global context. This report assesses the status and availability of Peru’s routinely reported health sector data and statistics as well as the underlying data infrastructure. The report provides a set of recommendations to improve the health information system and to strengthen data coverage and comparability as Peru’s health care system develops.
This is the OECD’s first Health System Review of Peru. It seeks to support Peru’s policy goal to attain universal health coverage by 2021, and build a high-performing health system with continuously improving accessibility, quality, efficiency and sustainability. Peru’s health care system is confronting a complex set of challenges. The population faces persistent rates of infectious diseases, alongside an increasingly heavy burden of non-communicable disease. Governance must simultaneously grapple with how to assure basic access – universal health coverage has still not been achieved, for instance – while prioritising efficiency and value for money, and improving care quality. This Health System Review of Peru makes a number of recommendations to strengthen performance of the health system, with a particular focus on the government-subidised health system – the Sistema Integral de Salud. Using examples of best practice drawn from OECD and Latin American health systems, the Review addresses how Peru can promote access to high quality care and achieve universal health coverage; take a more strategic approach to funding, budgeting, and purchasing; and become a data-driven health system that puts people at the centre.
Equitable educational opportunities can help to promote long-lasting, inclusive economic growth and social cohesion. Successful education and skills policies can empower individuals to reach their full potential and enjoy the fruits of their labour, regardless of their circumstances at birth. However, as this report shows, far too many children, students and adults from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds fall behind. In many countries, substantial learning gaps exist between students at opposite ends of the socio-economic scale, and these differences tend to increase in the transition into adulthood.
All countries have ample room for improvement to ensure better learning outcomes for all. Early childhood education has been identified as an important element in future success, and requires investment, as do family and community-based support and programmes for children from families that have not attained a high level of education and skills. In the schools, targeted support is necessary for low performers from disadvantaged backgrounds and for poorly performing schools. As for the adult population, learning should be focused on improving employability, through a combination of education and practical job training. Barriers to participation in learning need to be removed, and delivery methods need to be more innovative and flexible. Targeted support is needed for the most vulnerable members of society.
This report identifies effective strategies to tackle skills imbalances, based on five country-specific policy notes for France, Italy, Spain, South Africa and the United Kingdom. It provides a comparative assessment of practices and policies in the following areas: the collection and use of information on skill needs to foster a better alignment of skills acquisitions with labour market needs; the design of education and training systems and their responsiveness to changing skill needs; the re-training of unemployed individuals; and the improvement of skills use and skills matching in the labour market. The assessment is based on country visits, desk research and data analysis conducted by the OECD secretariat in the five countries reviewed. Examples of good practice from other countries are also discussed.
The Missing Entrepreneurs 2017 is the fourth edition in a series of publications that examine how public policies at national, regional and local levels can support job creation, economic growth and social inclusion by overcoming obstacles to business start-ups and self-employment by people from disadvantaged or under-represented groups in entrepreneurship. It shows that there is substantial potential to combat unemployment and increase labour market participation by facilitating business creation in populations such as women, youth, the unemployed, and migrants. However, the specific problems they face need to be recognised and addressed with effective and efficient policy measures.
This edition contains in-depth policy discussion chapters on the quality of self-employment, including new forms of self-employment such as dependent and false self-employment, and the potential of self-employment as an adjustment mechanism in major firm restructuring and job shedding. Each thematic chapter discusses current policy issues and challenges, and makes recommendations for policy makers. A data section provides a range of information on self-employment and business creation rates, barriers and key characteristics of businesses operated by social group. Finally, country profiles highlight recent trends in inclusive entrepreneurship, key policy challenges and recent policy actions in each of the 28 EU Member States.
This review examines the recent reforms undertaken by the government of Kazakhstan in the area of public governance and evaluates their impact on the effectiveness, strategic capacity and accountability of the state. The review places particular emphasis on strategic planning, policy and programme evaluation, risk management, devolution and functional reviews, privatisation and the oversight of state-owned enterprises – all areas in which the government has taken or considered significant initiatives. The report offers a number of recommendations for further progress towards an effective, strategic and accountable state.
The 2017 edition of Pensions at a Glance highlights the pension reforms undertaken by OECD countries over the last two years. Moreover, one special chapter focuses on flexible retirement options in OECD countries and discusses people’s preferences regarding flexible retirement, the actual use of these programs and the impact on benefit levels.
This edition also updates information on the key features of pension provision in OECD countries and provides projections of retirement income for today’s workers. It offers indicators covering the design of pension systems, pension entitlements, the demographic and economic context in which pension systems operate, incomes and poverty of older people, the finances of retirement-income systems and private pensions.