This chapter first provides an overview on recent economic and market developments that provide the context for the implementation of agricultural policies. The second section presents main changes and initiatives in agricultural policies in 2020-21, focusing on policy responses to the COVID‑19 pandemic that target, or strongly affect, agricultural producers, food consumers and other actors along the food supply chain. The subsequent analysis of levels and structures of agricultural support informs an assessment of the extent to which current support contributes to the food systems’ “triple challenge” of achieving food security and nutrition, providing livelihoods to those connected to the sector, and reducing the environmental footprint and greenhouse gas emissions of the sector. The chapter also explores how current policies perform across productivity, sustainability and resilience, key channels for contributing to addressing these challenges. It concludes with an assessment of policy developments, and with recommendations for concrete actions.