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Chile’s planning and governance framework has supported the roll-out of high quality and efficient infrastructure that has been a key enabler of the country’s rapid development over the past two decades. However, changing circumstances such as climate change, decentralisation and a greater focus on social and territorial equity now require a change in how infrastructure needs are identified and addressed. This review examines Chile’s infrastructure stock and governance standards in light of the country’s 2030 growth agenda and OECD benchmarks, and sets out how such change can be achieved, with a special focus on transport and water infrastructure.
La planificación y el marco de gobernanza de Chile permitieron en las últimas dos décadas el despliegue de infraestructura eficiente y de alta calidad, un elemento clave en el rápido desarrollo del país en ese período. Sin embargo, las circunstancias emergentes tales como el cambio climático, la descentralización y un enfoque mayor en la equidad social y territorial, requieren un cambio en la manera en la cual las necesidades de infraestructura son identificadas y abordadas.
Esta revisión examina la infraestructura actual y los estándares de gobernanza en Chile, a la luz de los objetivos de la agenda de crecimiento del país al año 2030 y estudios comparativos de la OCDE, además de establecer cómo es posible lograr ese cambio, con un enfoque especial en infraestructura de transporte y agua.
La Svizzera ha fatto dei passi avanti verso il miglioramento delle performance ambientali dei settori agricolo, energetico e dei trasporti. Il Paese si è affermato tra i migliori Paesi dell’OCSE in termini d’intensità delle emissioni di gas serra e può essere lodato per il suo approccio innovativo nella rivitalizzazione della rete idrografica. Tuttavia, si possono constatare anche ambiti problematici, quali le abitudini di consumo non sostenibili, la produzione di un elevato volume di rifiuti urbani e le alte percentuali di specie minacciate. Quale importante piazza finanziaria, la Svizzera gioca un ruolo fondamentale nella promozione della finanza verde.
Questo è il terzo rapporto sulle performance ambientali della Svizzera. Valuta i progressi compiuti verso uno sviluppo sostenibile e una crescita verde, con particolare riferimento alla gestione delle acque come pure alla conservazione e all’uso sostenibile della biodiversità.
Die Schweiz hat Schritte unternommen, um ihre Umweltleistungen im Landwirtschafts-, Energieund Verkehrsbereich zu verbessern. In Bezug auf die Treibhausgasemissionen zählt sie zu den Spitzenreitern unter den OECD-Ländern und sie verdient Anerkennung für ihren innovativen Ansatz zur Revitalisierung ihrer Fliessgewässer. Problematisch sind hingegen nicht nachhaltige Konsummuster und das hohe Siedlungsabfallaufkommen ebenso wie die hohen Anteile von gefährdeten Arten. Als wichtiges Finanzzentrum kommt der Schweiz zudem eine Schlüsselrolle in der Förderung von grünen Investitionen zu. Bei diesem Bericht handelt es sich um den dritten OECD-Prüfbericht für die Schweiz.
Darin werden die Fortschritte in Bezug auf nachhaltige Entwicklung und umweltverträgliches Wachstum bewertet, wobei die Schwerpunkte auf der Wasserbewirtschaftung, der Erhaltung der Artenvielfalt und der nachhaltigen Nutzung von Ökosystemen liegen.
La Suisse a travaillé à l'amélioration de la performance environnementale de l'agriculture, de l'énergie et des transports. Le pays a l'une des plus basses intensités en gaz à effet de serre de l'OCDE, et s'est montré très innovant dans la réhabilitation de ses rivières. Cependant, les pratiques de consommation peu durables de la population et les quantités de déchets urbains qui en découlent, ainsi que le nombre d'espèces menacées , sont préoccupants. En tant que pôle financier, la Suisse a un rôle clé à jouer dans la promotion de la finance verte.
Ce rapport est le troisième examen environnemental de la Suisse. Il évalue ses progrès en matière de développement durable et de croissance verte, avec des chapitres détaillés sur le traitement des eaux et sur la conservation et l'utilisation durable de la biodiversité.
Switzerland has taken steps to improve the environmental performance of its agricultural, energy and transport sectors. The country is a top OECD performer in terms of greenhouse gas emissions intensity and it should be commended for its innovative approach towards rehabilitation of its river system. Yet unsustainable consumption patterns and high levels of municipal waste generation, as well as high percentages of threatened species, are areas of concern. As a major financial centre, Switzerland has a key role to play in promoting green finance.
This is the third Environmental Performance Review of Switzerland. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with special features on: water management and biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.
L’évaluation ex post est importante pour mieux atteindre les objectifs des politiques des transports. On l’utilise à différentes fins, en premier lieu pour améliorer l’évaluation ex ante. Les exemples les plus notables de son application systématique, au demeurant rare, sont exposés dans ce rapport.
La raison pour laquelle il n’y est pas davantage recouru tient notamment à plusieurs problèmes de méthodes et de données. Plusieurs pistes ont été explorées pour y remédier, avec l’élaboration de méthodes statistiques avancées, la création d’observatoires des transports chargés de conserver des données autrement perdues et la réalisation d’études consistant à comparer les pratiques établies dans des territoires similaires en matière d’investissement et d’action publique.
On trouvera dans ce rapport des exemples de bonnes pratiques, ainsi qu’une réflexion sur les potentialités offertes par différentes approches et sur la manière de les rendre complémentaires.
La flotte des deux roues motorisés (qui comprend les motocyclettes, les scooters et les cyclomoteurs) est en constante augmentation et, dans beaucoup de pays, joue un rôle déterminant dans la mobilité, en particulier dans de nombreuses grandes villes du monde. Les deux roues motorisés (2RM) sont par conséquent une composante importante du système de transport. Cependant, ils représentent un défi en termes de sécurité routière. Par kilomètre parcouru, les usagers des 2RM encourent un risque bien plus élevé que les automobilistes d’accident mortel et de blessures graves entrainant un handicap à long terme. Par ailleurs, ils n’ont pas autant bénéficié que les automobilistes des importants progrès réalisés au cours des dernières décennies pour réduire le nombre de victimes. Il est essentiel de traiter sérieusement la question de la sécurité des 2RM pour contribuer à la Décennie de l’Action pour la Sécurité Routière des Nations Unies, qui vise à diminuer de moitié d’ici 2020 le nombre prévu de tués sur les routes dans le monde.
Este informe describe un cambio de paradigma en las políticas de seguridad vial, liderado por un pequeño grupo de países, conforme a los principios del Sistema Seguro. Un Sistema Seguro está basado en la premisa de que los accidentes de tránsito son predecibles y prevenibles, y de que es posible transitar hacia cero muertes y lesiones graves por accidentes de tránsito. Ello, sin embargo, requiere reconsiderar de manera fundamental la gobernanza y la implementación de las políticas de seguridad vial.
En el afán de contener la epidemia de muertes por accidentes de tránsito, las Naciones Unidas han establecido la meta de reducir a la mitad el número de víctimas fatales para 2020. Cada año, 1,25 millones de personas pierden la vida en accidentes de tránsito y hasta 50 millones sufren lesiones graves. Los accidentes de tránsito matan a más personas que la malaria o la tuberculosis, y se encuentran entre las diez principales causas de muerte. Su costo económico estimado oscila entre el 2 y 5% del PIB en muchos países. Escrito por un grupo internacional de expertos en materia de seguridad vial, este informe ofrece mejores prácticas y un punto de partida para que los líderes gubernamentales, administraciones públicas, el sector privado y la academia tracen sus propios caminos hacia un Sistema Seguro.
This report discusses the main results of a project on how to reduce air pollution from urban public transport in Kazakhstan, by providing an analysis for designing a green public investment programme in this sector. This sector represents an opportunity for Kazakhstan to address key objectives in its environmental and climate-related policies as part of the country’s ambitions to transition to a green economic path of development. The investment programme is also designed to support the modernisation of the urban transport fleet in the country and stimulate the domestic market to shift to modern buses powered by clean fuels. The programme is foreseen to be implemented in two phases: the first covers the cities of Kostanay and Shymkent and the second, all major urban centres in Kazakhstan. These investments are expected to result in significant air improvement.
The IRTAD Road Safety Annual Report 2017 provides an overview of road safety performance for 2015 in 40 countries, with preliminary data for 2016, and detailed reports for each country. It includes tables with cross country comparisons on key safety indicators.
The report outlines the most recent safety data in IRTAD countries, including detailed analysis by road user, age group and type of road. It describes the crash data collection process in IRTAD countries, the road safety strategies and targets in place, and information on recent trends in speeding, drink-driving and other aspects of road user behaviour. The 2017 edition of the IRTAD Road Safety Annual Report puts special emphasis on road safety for an ageing population, which represents a growing concern in many countries.
L’objet de ce rapport est d’exposer plusieurs des progrès récemment accomplis dans la mesure et l’analyse des avantages économiques des transports et de mettre en relief les méthodes les plus prometteuses. Sous l’effet conjugué de la sophistication des chaînes logistiques modernes et de la tertiarisation, les décideurs s’intéressent de plus en plus aux avantages économiques des transports au-delà de ceux traditionnellement considérés. L’évolution des méthodes d’évaluation et leur application dans l’aide à la décision rendent nécessaire de dresser un état des lieux dans deux domaines en particulier : les avantages liés à la fiabilité des transports et les effets économiques plus larges de l’évolution de la situation dans les transports.
This report examines mobility policies with a focus on evaluating their capacity to address transport-related exclusion of lower- income groups.There is significant evidence across countries that lower-income populations tend to suffer more from restricted transport options, have lower quality transport services available to them, and travel under worse conditions (safety, security, reliability, comfort). Broad evidence also suggests that the lack of, or poor access to, transport options is central to limitations on access to jobs, educational institutions, health facilities, social networks, etc., which in turn generates a “poverty trap”.
The economic benefits of improving transport accessibility for all are rarely taken into account when making decisions about investment and regulations. While costs are often known, benefits such as greater access to services, jobs and tourism are unknown or even undefined. This report reviews economic theory and practical case studies to set out the basis for the development of a common framework empowering decision-makers to value the impacts of greater accessibility for mobility-impaired, encumbered and ultimately all passengers
This report analyses the relationship between urban transport and inclusive development in Korea. First, it looks at how Korea is shifting from car-centered transport towards people-centered mobility. It discusses opportunities and challenges posed by current urban transport arrangements in Korea, and proposes options for improving urban transport governance. Second, the report uses advanced data analysis and space syntax methods to examine how accessibility to public transport shapes inclusiveness in Korean metropolitan areas. Third, it analyses public transport in four selected Korean cities (Seoul, Suwon, Changwon and Sejong), which offer interesting insights into how public transport policies can be tailored to local socio-economic profiles and urban landscapes.
Economic regulators are responsible for ensuring that infrastructure services are delivered efficiently, where competition on its own is unable to achieve this outcome. Based on a survey of 34 economic regulators covering 77 sectors and subsectors including energy, transport, communications and water, this report explores how economic regulators carry out this task, and suggests how this experience can be usefully applied in the governance of infrastructure more broadly.
Ex-post evaluation is important to improving the delivery of transport policy objectives. It can be used for multiple purposes at the core of which is the improvement of ex-ante assessment. A small number of jurisdictions employ ex-post evaluation systematically and leading experience is reviewed in this report.
One reason ex-post analysis is not more widely employed is a number of methodological and data challenges. Several approaches have been developed to tackle these, including advanced statistical approaches, establishment of transport observatories to retain data that would otherwise be lost and a case study approach to compare similar locations subject to different investment and policy treatments.
This report examines examples of best practice, discussing the potential of different approaches and how they can be used to complement each other.
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are an important vehicle for private participation in infrastructure investment, delivery and management. Renegotiations are an integral part of the PPP process but their prevalence varies markedly in different parts of the world. Renegotiations can be usefully employed to adjust the PPP contract to unforeseeable events, beyond the control of contractual parties. There is also a danger, however, that they will be used to change the initial balance of costs and benefits in the contract.
The purpose of this report was to provide an overview of the nature of PPP renegotiations in different regions of the world and at different times to help understand when PPP contract renegotiations are desirable and when they are not. In general it is concluded that when contracts are set up well, renegotiations should be few and far between.
The ITF Transport Outlook provides an overview of recent trends and near-term prospects for the transport sector at a global level, as well as long-term prospects for transport demand to 2050, for freight (maritime, air and surface), passenger transport (car, rail and air) and CO2 emissions. This edition looks at how the main policy, economic and technological changes since 2015, along with other international developments (such as the Sustainable Development Goals), are shaping the future of mobility, and presents alternative policy scenarios for long-term trends in transport demand and CO2 emissions from all transport modes, freight and passenger. A special focus on accessibility in cities also highlights the role of policies in shaping sustainable transport systems that provide equal access to all.
This report is the third and final output of a ten-year international research project studying the costs and viability of long-life road pavement surfacings. It describes the results of tests conducted with epoxy asphalt and high performance cementitious materials (HPCM) on real road sections in France, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The project was initiated to address a growing problem for road administrations and road users: frequent closures of roadways for repairs and repaving as a result of surface pavements that have improved but still barely kept up with increased loads and traffic density.