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Durante el periodo de 10 años abarcado por las Perspectivas, se estima que los mercados agrícolas permanecerán en una posición débil, que el crecimiento de China disminuirá y las políticas relacionadas con los biocombustibles influirán menos en los mercados que en el pasado. El crecimiento futuro de la producción de cultivos se logrará sobre todo con el incremento de los rendimientos y de la producción de carnes y lácteos, debido tanto a las mayores reservas de animales como a la mejora en rendimientos. Se espera que el comercio agrícola aumentará con mayor lentitud, pero se mantendrá menos sensible a las frágiles condiciones económicas que el comercio en otros sectores. Estas presiones sobre la demanda, la oferta y el comercio son evidentes en el Sudeste Asiático, donde se detecta que hay margen para mejorar la productividad agrícola de manera sostenible. Se espera que los precios reales de casi todos los productos básicos permanecerán planos o bajarán.
The publication is produced by the OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme based on official statistics. The 2017 edition features a new trends chapter, which also introduces recent developments related to the emergence of the "gig economy" and the use of digital tools by micro-enterprises.
The Eurostat-OECD compilation guide on inventories represents the first comprehensive overview of conceptual and practical issues related to the compilation of the balance-sheet item ‘inventories’ in the national accounts.
The estimation of inventories and changes in inventories in national accounts is often very difficult. Therefore it is the aim of this compilation guide to provide conceptual and practical guidance to statisticians on the estimation and valuation of inventories in mutual coherence with the transaction changes in inventories, and by doing so, to increase international comparability for these items. The guide clarifies theoretical concepts and possible data sources. It elaborates several estimation methods for both the asset inventories and the transaction changes in inventories, including their breakdowns into products, industries and institutional sectors. The compilation guide also addresses several special estimation cases and provides the results of a questionnaire — completed by 34 countries — on country practices regarding the estimation of inventories.
The Eurostat-OECD compilation guide on inventories was prepared by the Task Force on Land and other non-financial assets under the joint leadership of Eurostat and the OECD. Representatives from various European Union (EU) and non-EU OECD countries were represented as well as the European Central Bank.
This brochure is published within the framework of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables established by the OECD in 1962. It comprises explanatory notes and illustrations to facilitate the uniform interpretation of the garlic Standard. This brochure describes and demonstrates the quality parameters of garlic, and is accompanied by high quality photographs. It is a valuable tool for inspection authorities, professional bodies, and traders interested in international trade in garlic.
La ayuda para el Comercio en síntesis se centra en la conectividad comercial, que es decisiva para el crecimiento económico, la inclusión y el desarrollo sostenible. La conectividad física posibilita la circulación de mercancías y servicios hacia los mercados locales, regionales y mundiales, y está estrechamente relacionada con la conectividad digital, que es indispensable en el entorno comercial actual. Sin embargo, 3.900 millones de personas de todo el mundo siguen sin acceso a Internet y muchas de ellas viven en países menos adelantados.
El presente informe se basa en el análisis de los costos comerciales y lleva este al ámbito digital, dando cuenta del carácter cambiante del comercio. Su objetivo es tratar de encontrar formas de apoyar a los países en desarrollo -y especialmente a los menos adelantados- para que puedan obtener beneficios del comercio. El informe pasa revista a las medidas que están siendo adoptadas por una gran variedad de colectivos interesados entre otros, gobiernos, sus asociados para el desarrollo y el sector privado, a fin de promover la conectividad en favor del desarrollo sostenible. Una de las ideas que emerge con fuerza es que la participación en el comercio electrónico requiere mucho más que una simple conexión a Internet.
Esta version abreviada incluye extractos de capítulos aportados por la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD), la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT), el Banco Mundial, el Centro de Comercio Internacional (ITC), el Marco Integrado mejorado y Business for eTrade Development. La versión completa será publicada con posterioridad.
This edition of Aid for Trade at a Glance focuses on trade connectivity, which is critical for economic growth, inclusiveness and sustainable development. Physical connectivity enables the movement of goods and services to local, regional and global markets. It is closely intertwined with digital connectivity which is vital in today’s trade environment. Yet, the Internet remains inaccessible for 3.9 billion people globally, many of whom live in the least developed countries.
This report builds on the analysis of trade costs and extends it into the digital domain, reflecting the changing nature of trade. It seeks to identify ways to support developing countries – and notably the least developed – in realising the gains from trade. It reviews action being taken by a broad range of stakeholders to promote connectivity for sustainable development, including by governments, their development partners and by the private sector. One message that emerges strongly is that participation in e-commerce requires much more than a simple internet connection.
Chapters were prepared by the World Bank, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the International Trade Centre (ITC), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organisation (WTO), The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and Business for eTrade Development.
Le Panorama de l’Aide pour le commerce est axé sur la connectivité commerciale, qui est essentielle pour la croissance économique, l’inclusion et le développement durable. La connectivité physique permet l’acheminement des biens et des services vers les marchés locaux, régionaux et mondiaux. Elle est étroitement liée à la connectivité numérique, qui est fondamentale dans l’environnement commercial actuel. Néanmoins, Internet reste inaccessible pour 3,9 milliards de personnes dans le monde, dont bon nombre vivent dans les pays les moins avancés.
Le présent rapport s’appuie sur l’analyse des coûts du commerce et l’applique au domaine numérique, reflétant ainsi le changement de nature du commerce. Il cherche des moyens d’aider les pays en développement, notamment les pays les moins avancés, à bénéficier des avantages du commerce. Il examine les actions menées par un large éventail de parties prenantes, y compris les gouvernements, leurs partenaires de développement et le secteur privé, afin de promouvoir la connectivité pour un développement durable. Un message ressort clairement du rapport: pour participer au commerce électronique, il faut bien plus qu’une simple connexion Internet. Cette édition de poche contient des extraits des chapitres rédigés par la Banque mondiale, le Cadre intégré renforcé, la CNUCED, l’ITC, l’OCDE, l’OMC, l’UIT, et Business for eTrade Development.
Le Panorama de l’Aide pour le commerce est axé sur la connectivité commerciale, qui est essentielle pour la croissance économique, l’inclusion et le développement durable. La connectivité physique permet l’acheminement des biens et des services vers les marchés locaux, régionaux et mondiaux. Elle est étroitement liée à la connectivité numérique, qui est fondamentale dans l’environnement commercial actuel. Néanmoins, Internet reste inaccessible pour 3,9 milliards de personnes dans le monde, dont bon nombre vivent dans les pays les moins avancés.
Le présent rapport s’appuie sur l’analyse des coûts du commerce et l’applique au domaine numérique, reflétant ainsi le changement de nature du commerce. Il cherche des moyens d’aider les pays en développement, notamment les pays les moins avancés, à bénéficier des avantages du commerce. Il examine les actions menées par un large éventail de parties prenantes, y compris les gouvernements, leurs partenaires de développement et le secteur privé, afin de promouvoir la connectivité pour un développement durable. Un message ressort clairement du rapport: pour participer au commerce électronique, il faut bien plus qu’une simple connexion Internet. Cette édition de poche contient des extraits des chapitres rédigés par la Banque mondiale, le Cadre intégré renforcé, la CNUCED, l’ITC, l’OCDE, l’OMC, l’UIT, et Business for eTrade Development.
Au cours des dix prochaines années, les marchés agricoles devraient continuer à manquer de dynamisme, la croissance chinoise ralentissant et les politiques relatives aux biocarburants étant moins influentes que par le passé. La croissance future de la production végétale devrait provenir principalement de l’augmentation des rendements, et les hausses de production de viande et produits laitiers à la fois de l’accroissement du cheptel et de meilleurs rendements. Les échanges agricoles devraient augmenter plus lentement, mais, par rapport à d’autres secteurs, demeurer moins sensible à la torpeur économique. Ces pressions sur la demande, l’offre et les échanges sont manifestes en Asie du Sud-Est, où ce rapport identifie des possibilités pour améliorer durablement la productivité agricole. On s’attend à ce que les prix réels de la plupart des produits restent stables ou diminuent.
Over the ten-year Outlook period, agricultural markets are projected to remain weak, with growth in China weakening and biofuel policies having less impact on markets than in the past. Future growth in crop production will be attained mostly by increasing yields, and growth in meat and dairy production from both higher animal stocks and improved yields. Agricultural trade is expected to grow more slowly, but remain less sensitive to weak economic conditions than other sectors. These demand, supply and trade pressures are all evident in Southeast Asia, where this report identifies scope to improve agricultural productivity sustainably. Real prices are expected to remain flat or decline for most commodities.
L’édition 2017 des Principes de l’OCDE applicables en matière de prix de transfert intègre les modifications substantielles apportées en 2016 afin de refléter les changements et clarifications adoptés dans les rapport de 2015 sur les actions 8-10 (Aligner les prix de transfert calculés sur la création de valeur) et l’action 13 (Documentation des prix de transfert et Déclaration pays par pays) du Projet BEPS. Elle comprend également les orientations relatives aux régimes de protection adoptées en 2013 lesquelles reconnaissent que les régimes de protection bien conçus peuvent alléger la charge en matière de conformité fiscale et procurer une sécurité juridique accrue aux contribuables. Enfin, cette édition comporte également des modifications de conformité qui ont été effectuées par ailleurs dans les Principes de l’OCDE applicables en matière de prix de transfert. Les Principes de l’OCDE applicables en matière de prix de transfert ont été approuvés par le Conseil de l’OCDE dans leur version originale en 1995.
This 2017 edition of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines incorporates the substantial revisions made in 2016 to reflect the clarifications and revisions agreed in the 2015 BEPS Reports on Actions 8-10 Aligning Transfer pricing Outcomes with Value Creation and on Action 13 Transfer Pricing Documentation and Country-by-Country Reporting. It also includes the revised guidance on safe harbours approved in 2013 which recognises that properly designed safe harbours can help to relieve some compliance burdens and provide taxpayers with greater certainty. Finally, this edition also contains consistency changes that were made to the rest of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines. The OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines were approved by the OECD Council in their original version in 1995.
Trade in counterfeit and pirated goods is a vital threat for modern, innovation-driven economies, a worldwide phenomenon that grows in scope and magnitude. Counterfeiters ship infringing products via complex routes, with many intermediary points, which poses a substantial challenge to efficient enforcement. This study looks at the issue of the complex routes of trade in counterfeit pirated goods. Using a set of statistical filters, it identifies key producing economies and key transit points. The analysis is done for ten main sectors for which counterfeiting is the key threat. The results will facilitate tailoring policy responses to strengthen governance frameworks to tackle this risk, depending on the profile of a given economy that is known as a source of counterfeit goods in international trade.
This book synthesises recent work by the OECD analysing services trade policies and quantifying their impacts on imports and exports, the performance of manufacturing and services sectors, and how services trade restrictions influence the decisions and outcomes of firms engaged in international markets. Based on the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) - a unique, evidence-based tool that provides snapshots of regulations affecting trade in services in 22 sectors across 44 countries (representing over 80% of global trade in services) - the analysis highlights the magnitude, nature and impact of the costs entailed by restrictive services trade policies. The new evidence uncovered is meant to inform trade policy makers and the private sector about the likely effects of unilateral or concerted regulatory reforms and help prioritise policy action.
SMEs and entrepreneurs play a key role in national economies around the world, generating employment and income, contributing to innovation and knowledge diffusion, responding to new or niched demands and social needs, and enhancing social inclusion. However, SMEs are often more affected by business environment conditions and structural policies than larger firms.
This report presents comparative evidence on SME performance and trends, and on a broad range of policy areas and business environment conditions that are important for small businesses. The analysis takes into account the multi-dimensionality of SME policy objectives and the significant heterogeneity of the SME population, within and across countries. Data and indicators on framework conditions are complemented with information on recent policy trends in OECD countries. This publication addresses a growing demand by governments for tools to monitor the business environment for small and medium-sized enterprises, and benchmark the effectiveness of policies in creating appropriate conditions for them to flourish and grow.
India’s economy continues to grow at an impressive rate, with projected annual GDP growth of 7.5% in 2017-18. India will thus remain the fastest-growing G20 economy. Unprecedented growth in exports in services since the 1990s has made India a global leader in this sector. Inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) grew at three times the annual world average rate in the last decade, reflecting the success of efforts to attract international investment and gradually loosen restrictions to foreign investment. India’s economic successes are being translated into increased well-being for its population. As GDP per capita has more than doubled in ten years, extreme poverty has declined substantially. Access to education has steadily improved, and life expectancy has risen. Multiple opportunities present themselves for India, and the right mix of policies is needed to take advantage of them. India has made advances in integrating in global value chains and developing a competitive advantage in fields such as information and communication technology. Now is the time to secure continued progress by boosting competition and further lowering barriers to trade and investment. Looking to the future, it will be vital to fully tap into the potential offered by India´s young population. This means investing in the large numbers of young people entering the labour market. Likewise, the rapid pace of development must be matched with the upgrades to infrastructure necessary to support it.
People in many countries, especially advanced countries, are expressing growing discontent about globalisation. They feel that its benefits have accrued mostly to a small and already well-off segment of the population. In addition, many citizens are dissatisfied with the way economic integration has been advanced. They complain about too little transparency and too many conflicts of interests between policy makers and firms. Several of the negative effects feeding the discontent have more to do with technological change than with globalisation per se, but the two are closely intertwined. Moreover, the policies put in place to alleviate negative impacts of economic openness on some groups, industries and regions have not always worked as intended, and global rule-making has not kept up with reality. Given its many benefits, reversing economic integration is not a solution. Rather, we need to find ways to make it work for all. This report sets out what needs to be done to advance a fairer and more inclusive globalisation – at the global level, at the European level and within Germany.
In vielen Ländern und vor allem in den fortgeschrittenen Volkswirtschaften äußern die Menschen wachsenden Unmut über die Globalisierung. Sie haben den Eindruck, dass von ihren Vorteilen vor allem ein kleiner, ohnehin besser gestellter Teil der Bevölkerung profitiert. Außerdem sind viele Bürgerinnen und Bürger unzufrieden darüber, wie die wirtschaftliche Integration vorangetrieben wurde. Sie beklagen einen Mangel an Transparenz und zu viele Interessenkonflikte zwischen Politik und Wirtschaft. Einige der negativen Effekte, die die Unzufriedenheit wachsen lassen, hängen stärker mit dem technologischen Wandel zusammen als mit der Globalisierung an sich, allerdings sind diese beiden Elemente eng miteinander verknüpft. Außerdem zeigten die Maßnahmen, die ergriffen wurden, um die negativen Effekte der wirtschaftlichen Öffnung für bestimmte Gruppen, Branchen und Regionen abzumildern, nicht immer die gewünschte Wirkung, und die weltweite Rechtsetzungstätigkeit konnte nicht mit der Realität Schritt halten. Die wirtschaftliche Integration rückgängig zu machen, ist angesichts ihrer zahlreichen Vorteile keine Lösung. Vielmehr müssen wir Wege finden, um zu gewährleisten, dass alle von dieser Integration profitieren können. Dieser Bericht legt dar, was getan werden muss – auf globaler Ebene, auf europäischer Ebene und in Deutschland –, um die Globalisierung gerechter und inklusiver zu gestalten.
This joint OECD and World Bank Group report, presented to G20 Trade Ministers in October 2015, focuses on the challenge of making GVCs more “inclusive” by overcoming participation constraints for SMEs and facilitating access for LIDCs. Results suggest that SME participation in GVCs is mostly taking place through indirect contribution to exports (rather than through direct exports), and that a holistic approach to trade, investment and national and multilateral policy action is needed to create more inclusive GVCs.
The report highlights the importance of ensuring access to ICT networks – in particular broadband – and stimulating innovation – in particular by enhancing the ability of SMEs to manage and protect their intellectual assets. At the same, the report underscores the importance of helping small firms scale up quickly, and to better integrate in GVCs by lowering barriers to the entry, growth and exit of firms. Countries should also avoid favouring incumbents over new firms.
Recent years have witnessed a constant rise in the spread of ICT (information and communication technologies) infrastructure and a growing demand for ICT goods. The production of these goods is knowledge intensive and the industry relies extensively on intellectual property (IP) rights. This strong and growing demand for ICT goods, and their IP dependence, makes them an attractive target for counterfeiters. This study looks at the trade in counterfeit ICT goods, including the size of the trade, the main sources of fake goods, and the countries whose companies are most affected.