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The mobility and fungibility of money makes it possible for multinational groups to achieve favourable tax results by adjusting the amount of debt in a group entity. The 2015 Report established a common approach which directly links an entity’s net interest deductions to its level of economic activity, based on taxable earnings before interest income and expense, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA). This approach includes three elements: a fixed ratio rule based on a benchmark net interest/EBITDA ratio; a group ratio rule which allows an entity to deduct more interest expense based on the position of its worldwide group; and targeted rules to address specific risks. Further work on two aspects of the common approach was completed in 2016. The first addressed key elements of the design and operation of the group ratio rule, focusing on the calculation of net third party interest expense, the calculation of group-EBITDA and approaches to address the impact of entities with negative EBITDA. The second identifies features of the banking and insurance sectors which can constrain the ability of groups to engage in BEPS involving interest, together with limits on these constraints, and approaches to deal with risks posed by entities in these sectors where they remain.
En raison de la mobilité et de la fongibilité de l’argent, les groupes multinationaux peuvent aisément obtenir des résultats fiscaux favorables en jouant sur le montant de la dette au sein d’une entité du groupe. Le rapport de 2015 a établi une approche commune qui relie directement les déductions nettes d’une entité au titre d’intérêts à son activité économique, sur la base d’un certain pourcentage de son résultat avant les revenus et charges d'intérêts, l'amortissement et les provisions (EBITDA). Cette approche associe trois éléments : une règle fondée sur un ratio déterminé qui repose sur un ratio de référence intérêts nets/EBITDA ; une règle fondée sur un ratio de groupe qui autorise une entité à déduire plus de charges d’intérêts, en fonction de la position de son groupe mondial ; et des règles ciblées qui traitent des risques spécifiques. Des travaux supplémentaires concernant deux aspects de l'approche commune ont été menés en 2016. Le premier aspect de ces travaux concerne les éléments de la conception et le fonctionnement de la règle fondée sur un ratio de groupe et se concentre sur les méthodes de calcul des charges nettes d’intérêts d’un groupe envers des tierces parties, le calcul de l’EBITDA de groupe et l’impact des entités avec un EBITDA négatif sur le fonctionnement de la règle. Le second aspect de ce travail identifie les caractéristiques des secteurs de la banque et de l'assurance qui peuvent restreindre la capacité de ces groupes à s’engager dans des pratiques de BEPS impliquant des charges d’intérêts, tout en soulignant que ces contraintes ne s’appliquent pas systématiquement. Il identifie également les approches permettant de gérer les risques posés par les entités appartenant à ces secteurs.
El trabajo incardinado en esta acción presenta en forma de módulos o bloques funcionales las distintas recomendaciones inherentes al diseño de normas CFC de transparencia fiscal internacional eficaces. Dichas recomendaciones han sido concebidas para garantizar que las jurisdicciones que opten por implementarlas apliquen normas que impidan de manera más efectiva que los contribuyentes trasladen sus rentas u otros rendimientos a filiales situadas en el extranjero. A continuación se enumeran los seis módulos o bloques funcionales para el diseño de normas CFC eficaces que establece el informe: 1) definición de «sociedad extranjera controlada (SEC)»; 2) exenciones aplicables a las SEC y determinación de umbrales impositivos; 3) definición de «rentas SEC»; 4) cómputo de rentas; 5) atribución de rentas, y 6) prevención y eliminación de la doble imposición. Partiendo de que cada país otorga una prioridad distinta a los propios objetivos políticos, las recomendaciones presentes en el informe conciben un cierto grado de flexibilidad de cara a la aplicación de las normas CFC destinadas a luchar contra la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios preservando la coherencia de y compatibilidad con los objetivos políticos del sistema tributario al completo, junto con las obligaciones jurídicas a nivel internacional del país en cuestión.
Data on government sector receipts, and on taxes in particular, are basic inputs to most structural economic descriptions and economic analyses and are increasingly used in economic comparisons. This annual publication gives a conceptual framework to define which government receipts should be regarded as taxes. It presents a unique set of detailed an internationally comparable tax data in a common format for all OECD countries from 1965 onwards.
Consumption Tax Trends provides information on Value Added Tax/Goods and Services Tax (VAT/GST) and excise duty rates in OECD member countries. It also contains information about indirect tax topics such as international aspects of VAT/GST developments and the efficiency of this tax. It also describes a range of taxation provisions such as the taxation of motor vehicles, tobacco and alcoholic beverages.
This publication compiles comparable tax revenue statistics for Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore. The model is the OECD Revenue Statistics database – a fundamental reference, backed by a well-established methodology, for OECD member countries. Extending the OECD methodology to Asian countries enables comparisons about tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among Asian economies and between OECD and Asian economies. This work has been is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration and the OECD Development Centre.
Uno de los principales retos a los que se enfrentan las administraciones tributarias de todo el mundo es la falta de información exhaustiva y pertinente sobre las estrategias de planificación fiscal agresiva. Los regímenes de declaración obligatoria brindan a los países la oportunidad de responder con prontitud a eventuales riesgos fiscales proporcionando un acceso rápido y tempestivo a este tipo de información. El presente informe incluye una descripción general de los regímenes de declaración obligatoria aprovechando las experiencias de los países que ya cuentan con tales sistemas de normas y formula recomendaciones relativas a un marco modular diseñado para que aquellos países que deseen implementar o modificar las normas de declaración obligatoria puedan obtener información pertinente y temprana sobre eventuales estrategias de planificación fiscal agresiva o abusiva y los sujetos que las articulan. Dichas recomendaciones entrañan un grado de flexibilidad suficiente para establecer el justo equilibrio entre la necesidad que tiene todo país de disponer de información más completa y relevante y la carga potencial de cumplimiento que recae sobre los contribuyentes. Asimismo, el informe establece recomendaciones específicas para el diseño de normas que regulen las estructuras de planificación internacional, así como para la consolidación y puesta en práctica de un intercambio de información más eficaz y una colaboración reforzada entre administraciones tributarias.
Los regímenes preferenciales siguen siendo un tema candente que suscita controversias. Los motivos de preocupación actuales están motivados fundamentalmente por el riesgo que supone la utilización de regímenes fiscales preferenciales para transferir artificialmente los beneficios y por la falta de transparencia en lo que respecta a ciertas fórmulas de tax ruling o de acuerdos previos entre la administración tributaria competente y el contribuyente en cuestión. El informe conexo a la presente acción establece una metodología consensuada para evaluar y determinar si existe o no actividad sustancial. En el contexto de los regímenes de propiedad intelectual (PI) –tales como los patent boxes o regímenes aplicables a las patentes–, se alcanzó un acuerdo en torno a la existencia de nexo o criterio de sujeción que se remite al gasto en cuanto indicador de una actividad sustancial y permite a cualquier contribuyente acogerse a un régimen de PI únicamente cuando éste haya incurrido en gastos asociados a actividades de investigación y desarrollo (I+D) efectivamente desarrolladas por aquél. Este mismo principio puede aplicarse igualmente a otros regímenes preferenciales, para cuya instauración se exige que existan actividades sustanciales de las que cualquier contribuyente obtenga rendimientos o generen rentas. En lo concerniente a la transparencia, se ha acordado implantar un marco de referencia bajo el que se incluyan todos aquellos acuerdos previos entre la administración tributaria competente y un determinado contribuyente que puedan suscitar preocupación por posibles prácticas elusivas BEPS ante la falta de un intercambio espontáneo de información relevante con carácter obligatorio siempre que haya información disponible o cuando existan dichos datos. El informe refleja los resultados de aplicar tanto los referidos factores como los criterios desarrollados de actividad sustancial y transparencia a diversos regímenes preferenciales por parte del Foro sobre Prácticas Fiscales Perniciosas.
Basándose en las competencias de expertos en Derecho Internacional Público y Derecho Tributario, el informe inherente a esta acción examina la viabilidad técnica de elaborar un instrumento multilateral que modifique los convenios fiscales con el fin de aplicar eficazmente las medidas de lucha contra la erosión de las bases imponibles y el traslado de beneficios contempladas en los convenios fiscales. Por último, el informe concluye no sólo que un instrumento multilateral de esa índole es recomendable y posible, sino también que las negociaciones relativas a dicho instrumento deberían dar comienzo con carácter inmediato. Atendiendo al presente análisis, se aprobó la decisión de constituir un grupo especial de expertos que está abierto a la participación, en igualdad de condiciones, de todos los países interesados con el firme propósito de llevar a término la tarea que le fue encomendada, esto es, desarrollar dicho instrumento multilateral y abrirlo a la firma en 2016.
El trabajo incardinado en esta acción presenta en forma de módulos o bloques funcionales las distintas recomendaciones inherentes al diseño de normas CFC de transparencia fiscal internacional eficaces. Dichas recomendaciones han sido concebidas para garantizar que las jurisdicciones que opten por implementarlas apliquen normas que impidan de manera más efectiva que los contribuyentes trasladen sus rentas u otros rendimientos a filiales situadas en el extranjero. A continuación se enumeran los seis módulos o bloques funcionales para el diseño de normas CFC eficaces que establece el informe: 1) definición de «sociedad extranjera controlada (SEC)»; 2) exenciones aplicables a las SEC y determinación de umbrales impositivos; 3) definición de «rentas SEC»; 4) cómputo de rentas; 5) atribución de rentas, y 6) prevención y eliminación de la doble imposición. Partiendo de que cada país otorga una prioridad distinta a los propios objetivos políticos, las recomendaciones presentes en el informe conciben un cierto grado de flexibilidad de cara a la aplicación de las normas CFC destinadas a luchar contra la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios preservando la coherencia de y compatibilidad con los objetivos políticos del sistema tributario al completo, junto con las obligaciones jurídicas a nivel internacional del país en cuestión.
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 130 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing.
This report contains the revised Phase 1 + Phase 2 reviews for Bulgaria, now including ratings.
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention.
The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard.
All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Brunei Darussalam.
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 130 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing.
The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention.
The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard.
All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Dominican Republic.
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 130 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing.
The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention.
The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard.
All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
Ce rapport contient l’examen de « Phase 2 : mise en œuvre pratique des normes » ainsi que la version révisée de la « Phase 1 : évaluation de la qualité du cadre juridique et réglementaire » déjà publiée pour le Maroc.
Le Forum mondial sur la transparence et l’échange de renseignements à des fins fiscales est l’enceinte multilatérale au sein de laquelle le travail en matière de transparence fiscale et d’échange de renseignements est mené par plus de 130 juridictions participant, sur un pied d’égalité, aux travaux du Forum mondial.
Le Forum mondial est chargé de la surveillance approfondie et de l’examen par les pairs de la mise en œuvre des standards en matière de transparence et d’échange de renseignements en matière fiscale. Ces standards sont essentiellement reflétés dans le Modèle d’accord d’échange de renseignements en matière fiscale et ses commentaires publiés en 2002 par l’OCDE et dans l’article 26 du Modèle de convention fiscale concernant le revenu et la fortune de l’OCDE et ses commentaires, tels que mis à jour en 2004. Ces standards ont aussi été repris dans le Modèle de convention fiscale des Nations Unies.
Les standards prévoient l’échange de renseignements sur demande des informations vraisemblablement pertinentes pour l’administration et l’application de la législation fiscale interne de la partie requérante. La pêche aux renseignements n’est pas autorisée mais tous les renseignements vraisemblablement pertinents doivent être fournis, y compris les renseignements bancaires et les renseignements détenus par des agents fiduciaires, sans tenir compte de l’existence d’un intérêt fiscal national.
Tous les membres du Forum mondial, ainsi que les juridictions identifiées par le Forum mondial comme pertinentes pour ses travaux, seront examinés. Ce processus est réalisé en deux phases. L’examen de phase 1 évalue la qualité du cadre juridique et réglementaire des juridictions en matière d’échange de renseignements alors que l’examen de phase 2 se concentre sur la mise en œuvre pratique de ce cadre. Certains membres du Forum mondial font l’objet d’un examen combiné – phase 1 et phase 2. Le but final vise à aider les juridictions à mettre effectivement en œuvre les standards internationaux en matière de transparence et d’échange de renseignements en matière fiscale.
Tous les rapports d’examen, sont publiés une fois adoptés par le Forum mondial et doivent donc être considérés comme des rapports approuvés du Forum mondial.
This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Panama.
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 130 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing.
The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention.
The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard.
All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Dominica.
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 130 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing.
The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention.
The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard.
All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 130 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing.
The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention.
The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard.
All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Marshall Islands.
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 130 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing.
The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention.
The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard.
All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.