Many OECD countries are looking at ways to change providers’ and users’ behaviours by strengthening incentives for quality improvement and creating a quality “culture”. This chapter discusses the use of incentives to deliver responsive, safe, and effective care, addressing four main issues: 1) consumer-based initiatives such as those leveraging consumer choice and centredness; 2) the impact of performance incentives to encourage and reward providers to deliver higher quality care; 3) incentives to encourage care co-ordination and integration, the lack of which can have important consequences for safety, responsiveness and care effectiveness; and 4) the role of information technology in promoting outcome improvements and independent living.