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Browse by: "2014"

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  • 31 Dec 2014
  • OECD, United Nations, European Union, The World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  • Pages: 198

Ecosystem accounting is a relatively new and emerging field dealing with integrating complex biophysical data, tracking changes in ecosystems and linking those changes to economic and other human activity. Considering the increasing demand for statistics on ecosystems within analytical and policy frameworks on environmental sustainability, human well-being and economic growth and development, there has been an increasing urgency to advance this emerging field of statistics.
Although considerable experience exists in related areas of statistics such as land cover and land use statistics, the integration of these and other information into an ecosystem accounting framework is new. Also, there is considerable existing expertise in the ecosystem sciences and economics fields that is relevant, and again it is the focussing of these different areas of expertise on the proposed ecosystem accounting approach that is new.
SEEA-Experimental Ecosystem Accounting provides a synthesis of the current knowledge in this area and provides a starting point for the development of ecosystem accounting at national and sub-national levels. It represents an important step forward on ecosystem accounting, providing a common set of terms, concepts, accounting principles and classifications; an integrated accounting structure of ecosystem services and ecosystem condition in both physical and monetary terms; and the recognition of spatial areas as forming the basic focus for measurement.

 

  • 24 Dec 2014
  • OECD
  • Pages: 376

지난 50년간 대한민국 교육의 역사는 괄목할만한 성장과 업적을 보였다. 대한민국은 PISA 최상위권 국가 중 하나이며, 고등학교 교육과 고등교육을 수료한 학생의 비율이 가장 높은 국가 중 하나이기도 하다. 대한민국은 교육 체제 개선 방법 을 지속적으로 강구해왔고, 지난 십년간 교육 분야에 대한 정부의 투자도 급격하게 증가하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 이러 한 개선을 독려하고 지속시키기 위해서는 추가적인 개혁이 필요하다. 또한 급격한 세계화와 현대화는 현재와 미래의 젊은 이들이 21세기에 부합하는 능력을 갖출 수 있도록 새롭고 어려운 도전과제들을 제시하고 있다.

본 보고서인 ‘뛰어난 학업성취와 성공적인 교육개혁: PISA가 대한민국 교육에 주는 시사점’은 대한민국이 국제적 관점에 서 교육정책 해결과제를 파악하고 대처하는데 도움을 주고자 한다. 이를 위해 PISA 결과를 통해 대한민국의 교육 체제를 평가하고 최근 정책 발전을 고려하며 개선을 위한 구체적인 정책 대안들을 제시하였다. 또한 성취 수준이 높은 국가의 사 례에 대한 심층적 분석을 제공하였다.

English
  • 24 Dec 2014
  • International Transport Forum
  • Pages: 180

The experience of transport systems users, in terms of comfort, reliability, safety and above all convenience, is critical in determining demand for transport services, at least when there is a choice of alternative ways to travel. Convenience is one of the strongest attractions of the private car for passenger transport. For users of public transport, convenience is also clearly important but not always clearly defined and not often measured in designing transport systems or monitoring their operating performance. In many situations, an increase in public transport convenience reduces the unit costs of travel (euros/dollars per hour or cents per minute) and so provides benefits equivalent to an increase in travel speed.

This report focuses on convenience and its importance to the user experience. It reviews operational definitions of convenience, evidence for the willingness of users to pay for convenience and the use of indicators to assess and improve the convenience of public transport, with a view to making it more effective and more competitive.
 

French
  • 24 Dec 2014
  • International Transport Forum
  • Pages: 136

This report discusses the state of the art in understanding the economic effects of major transport infrastructure projects. It examines the limits of socio-economic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and reviews the development of complementary and alternative approaches to assessing the benefits of investment in large, transformative projects. In particular, his report focuses on practical appraisal tools developed for assessment of the Grand Paris super-metro and London’s Crossrail project.

 

 

French
  • 24 Dec 2014
  • International Transport Forum
  • Pages: 196

L’expérience de l’usager, en termes de fiabilité, de confort et surtout de commodité d’usage est un aspect essentiel pour déterminer la demande de services de transports publics, tout au moins là où un choix d’alternatives existe. Le succès pour le moins des politiques pour attirer les usagers urbains de la voiture particulière vers les transports publics repose dans une large mesure sur la commodité d’usage de ces derniers. Les méthodes actuelles d’évaluation dans le domaine des transports tendent cependant à se focaliser sur la vitesse et le prix des services, sous-évaluant ou négligeant la commodité d’usage. Ceci fausse les décisions en matière d’investissements et de planification.

Ce rapport vise à faciliter une prise en compte plus systématique de la commodité d’usage dans la planification et la pratique des politiques de transport. Il analyse les définitions opérationnelles de la commodité d’usage et rassemble des informations sur la disposition à payer à cet égard et sur l’utilisation d’indicateurs pour apprécier et améliorer la commodité d’usage des transports publics.

 

English
  • 24 Dec 2014
  • OECD
  • Pages: 268

Der OECD-Beschäftigungsausblick 2014 markiert das zwanzigjährige Bestehen der OECD-Beschäftigungsstrategie und widmet sich neben einer Untersuchung der jüngsten Arbeitsmarktentwicklungen folgenden weiteren Themen: Verdienste/Löhne, Beschäftigungsqualität, Beschäftigung junger Menschen, Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitslosenquoten sowie Beschäftigungsformen und Beschäftigungsschutz. Im OECD-Beschäftigungsausblick 2014 werden, ebenso wie in früheren Ausgaben, die jüngsten Arbeitsmarktentwicklungen in OECD-Ländern und Schlüsselpartnervolkswirtschaften untersucht und geeignete Politikmaßnahmen für die Förderung von mehr und besseren Arbeitsplätzen identifiziert.

English, French
  • 24 Dec 2014
  • International Transport Forum
  • Pages: 180

High-speed trains can compete successfully with road, air and conventional rail services on densely trafficked routes where willingness to pay is sufficient at the relatively elevated fare levels needed to cover costs. High-speed rail investments can also relieve congestion on the conventional rail network, and the capacity for high-speed rail to provide fast city centre to city centre services creates new possibilities for day-return business trips and short-stay leisure trips.

The long cost recovery periods for high-speed lines imply government involvement in the financing of most investments. The high costs mean that governments can be exposed to accumulation of large debts, particularly if demand develops more slowly than expected. Where high-speed rail investments are designed to promote regional integration rather than meet commercial demand, significant subsidy from central and regional governments will be needed for the construction of infrastructure and possibly also for train operations.

This report examines the key factors that drive the costs of high-speed rail investment and reviews the economic benefits delivered by high-speed rail services on the basis of experience in countries that have developed large high-speed rail networks.

« Les femmes et l’entreprise 2014 » dresse un tableau des progrès accomplis dans le cadre du Forum des Femmes Entrepreneurs OCDE-MENA depuis la parution du premier rapport « Les femmes et l’entreprise » en 2012. En 2012, cinq domaines d'actions ont été identifiés comme priorités à mettre en œuvre par les gouvernements, les parties prenantes internationales, les organisations financières et de soutien aux entreprises, ainsi que par les agences statistiques. En deux ans, le Forum des Femmes Entrepreneurs a développé des contributions  dans trois de ces domaines d'action prioritaires. Les contributions du Forum des Femmes Entrepreneurs sont à la mesure de sa reconnaissance croissante en tant que hub encourageant des améliorations concrètes du climat des affaires pour les femmes entrepreneurs dans la région MENA.

Plus que jamais, l’entrepreneuriat féminin constitue un volet essentiel des politiques de création d’emplois mises en place par les gouvernements de la région afin d’améliorer le bien-être d’une main-d’œuvre croissante et restaurer la confiance dans l’économie. Les perspectives économiques des pays de la région MENA ayant traversé une transition politique se sont améliorées, mais le chômage reste en hausse, l'inflation continue d’augmenter et les finances publiques de se détériorer. Dans ces pays, les incertitudes politiques s’ajoutent à des difficultés structurelles. Dans les pays du Conseil de coopération du Golfe (CCG), les défis restent encore liés à la diversification de leurs économies.

English

Cette Norme, développée en réponse à la demande du G20 et approuvée par le Conseil de l’OCDE le 15 juillet 2014, invite les juridictions à obtenir des renseignements auprès de leurs institutions financières et à les échanger automatiquement avec d’autres juridictions sur une base annuelle. Elle définit les informations relatives aux comptes financiers à échanger, les institutions financières qui ont l’obligation de déclarer, les différents types de comptes et les contribuables visés, ainsi que les procédures communes de diligence raisonnable à suivre par les institutions financières. La Partie I donne un aperçu de la Norme. La Partie II contient le texte du Modèle d’accord entre autorités compétentes et la Norme de déclaration (Modèle d’accord) et de diligence raisonnable (NCD). La Partie III contient les Commentaires sur le Modèle d’accord et la NCD ainsi qu’un certain nombre d’Annexes.

La nouvelle norme s'inspire largement des travaux antérieurs de l’OCDE dans le domaine de l'échange automatique de renseignements, elle intègre les progrès réalisés au sein de l'Union européenne, tout comme les normes internationales de lutte contre le blanchiment, la mise en œuvre du Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) ayant agi comme un catalyseur pour le passage à l'échange automatique de renseignements dans un contexte multilatéral.

English
  • 23 Dec 2014
  • OECD
  • Pages: 208

Le Panorama des administrations publiques 2013 propose un tableau de bord des indicateurs clés dans le but de contribuer à l’analyse et à la comparaison au niveau international des performances du secteur public. Des indicateurs axés sur les recettes et dépenses du gouvernement et l'emploi sont présentés ainsi que des données portant sur des aspects clés des performances des administrations liées aux produits et aux réalisations dans les secteurs de la santé et de l’éducation

Le Panorama des administrations publiques 2013 comprend également des indicateurs qui couvrent des aspects essentiels de la gestion et de la gouvernance publique tels que l’intégrité, l’administration ouverte, la gestion de la réglementation, les nouvelles pratiques d’accessibilité aux services publics ainsi que la gestion des ressources humaines et la rémunération dans le secteur public. Bien que la mesure de la performance des gouvernements soit reconnue depuis longtemps comme ayant un rôle important à jouer pour accroître l’efficacité et l’efficience du secteur public, la récente crise économique et les contraintes fiscales grandissantes dans plusieurs pays membres augmentent la nécessité de développer des indicateurs robustes pour accompagner les prises de décisions des gouvernements.

German, Korean, Spanish, English
  • 22 Dec 2014
  • OECD
  • Pages: 380

This review examines the functioning, structure and organisation of the central government and line ministries in Kazakhstan, as well as their capacities to implement national objectives and priorities, outlined in the Kazakhstan’s Vision 2050. It also focuses on tools, strategic management and accountability frameworks in the Government of Kazakhstan, in line with the strategic management principles outlined in the General Approaches to Modernization of Public Administration of Kazakhstan by 2020.

  • 19 Dec 2014
  • OECD, Sahel and West Africa Club
  • Pages: 256

The Sahara-Sahel has seen recurrent episodes of instability. However, the recent Libyan and Malian crises have intensified the level of violence. These episodes have restructured the geopolitical and geographical dynamics of the region. Cross-border or regional, these contemporary crises require new institutional responses. How can countries sharing this space -  Algeria, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Mauritania, Niger, Chad and Tunisia and all related states such as Nigeria - stabilize and develop?

Historically, the Sahara plays an intermediary role between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. Commercial and human exchanges are intense and based on social networks that now include trafficking. Understanding their structure, geographical and organizational mobility of criminal groups and migratory movements represents a strategic challenge. This book hopes to address this challenge and stimulate strategies for the Sahel of the European Union, the United Nations, the African Union or ECOWAS (Economic Community of the States of West Africa) in order to foster lasting peace.

The Atlas is based on an analysis of mapped regional security issues and development objectives to open the necessary dialogue between regional and international organizations, governments, researchers and local stakeholders tracks.

French
  • 19 Dec 2014
  • OECD, Sahel and West Africa Club
  • Pages: 256

Le Sahara-Sahel traverse des épisodes récurrents d’instabilité, cependant les crises libyenne et malienne récentes intensifient le degré de violence. Elles restructurent les dynamiques géopolitiques et géographiques. Transfrontalières voire régionales, ces crises contemporaines nécessitent de nouvelles réponses institutionnelles. Comment les pays partageant cet espace – Algérie, Libye, Mali, Maroc, Mauritanie, Niger, Tchad et Tunisie - peuvent-ils, ensemble et en relation avec des états tels que le Nigéria, le stabiliser et le développer ?

Depuis toujours, le Sahara joue un rôle d’intermédiaire entre l’Afrique du Nord et l’Afrique subsaharienne. Avant l’époque romaine, des routes le traversaient déjà, à l’origine militaires. Les échanges commerciaux et humains sont intenses et fondés sur des réseaux sociaux auxquels se greffent désormais les trafics. La compréhension de leur structuration, de la mobilité géographique et organisationnelle des groupes criminels et des circulations migratoires représente un défi stratégique. Cet ouvrage espère relever ce défi et nourrir les stratégies pour le Sahel de l’Union européenne, des Nations Unies, de l’Union africaine ou encore de la CEDEAO (Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest) en vue d’une paix durable.

Cet Atlas s’appuie sur une analyse cartographiée et régionale des enjeux de sécurité et de développement pour ouvrir des pistes objectives au nécessaire dialogue entre organisations régionales et internationales, États, chercheurs et acteurs locaux.

English
  • 19 Dec 2014
  • OECD
  • Pages: 280

This report compares the performance of the French innnovation systems with that of other countries and presents the conclusions of interviews with 30 key actors in the French research and innovation system.  During the past ten years, this system has undergone profound changes, and the report highlights the governments plan to dynamise and reform the system.

French

The International Producer Price Index Manual, Theory and Practice (PPI Manual) published by the IMF in 2004 consituted a landmark for international standards on price measurement and contains detailed, comprehensive information for the compilation of producer price indices as well as an extensive coverage of the conceptual and theoretical issues. This second edition of the Methodological Guide for Developing Producer Price Indices for Services (SPPI Guide) is a complement to the PPI Manual in two ways: it focuses on service-specific aspects in the PPI compilation by developing further the conceptual framework and it adds detailed descriptions of PPI measurement for a wide range of individual service industries.

This second edition of the SPPI Guide has been jointly produced by the OECD, Eurostat, the members of a task Force with deleguates from 14 OECD/EU members countries (Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States)and in synergy with the Voorburg Group. Several countries contributed to the Guide by providing descriptions of service PPIs for individual industries, other countries were represented by national experts in at least one meeting of the Task Force.

  • 18 Dec 2014
  • OECD
  • Pages: 204

This study examines flood risk prevention of the Seine in the Ile-de-France region. It highlights the impacts a major flood, like the one in 1910, could have on the well-being of citizens, city management and the economy.

French

This 14th annual report on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises describes the activities undertaken to promote the observance of the Guidelines during the implementation cycle of June 2013-June 2014. This includes work on due diligence in the financial and extractive sectors, as well as along agricultural supply chains, strengthened co-operation with non-adhering countries, the outcomes of the 2nd Global Forum on Responsible Business Conduct, as well as the activities of National Contact Points who promote the observance of the Guidelines' principles and standards in the 46 adhering countries.

French
  • 18 Dec 2014
  • International Energy Agency
  • Pages: 284

Since the last IEA review of the United States was published in 2008, the country’s energy policy landscape has fundamentally changed. In many aspects there have been significant improvements, and the country is in a strong position to deliver a reliable, affordable and environmentally sustainable energy system.

The most obvious change has been the renaissance of oil and gas production: the growth in unconventional gas production, alongside increased output of light tight oil, is making a substantial contribution to economic activity and competitiveness. Conversely, the expansion in energy production is also raising unease on environmental and safety grounds, concerns which must be addressed appropriately.

The U.S. natural gas boom has resulted in stable wholesale electricity prices, lower greenhouse gas emissions and greater system flexibility. The electricity system, however, is in need of significant investment if the country is to meet demand growth forecasts and strengthen its resilience to climate change. Renewable energy production is growing but the durability of federal tax incentives remains a persistent uncertainty.

At policy level, a number of strategic initiatives have created a new policy framework over the past six years. Among them, the Climate Action Plan has the potential to guide the U.S. economy away from its reliance on fossil fuels and towards a more sustainable energy system.

This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing the United States and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure, sustainable and affordable energy future.

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