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Browse by: "PRE-2006"

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Effective business cycle analysis, and indeed the monitoring of a country’s economic performance from a policy perspective, requires access to timely high quality short-term economic statistics (STES). Consequently in recent years there has been a lot of pressure on national statistics organisations (NSOs) to better serve their users by improving the timeliness of release for their short-term economic indicators. In response to this demand, NSOs have focused on improving the efficiency and methodology of their statistical production processes. So this begs the question: where would one look to find comprehensive documentation on good practices used by NSOs to improve the timeliness of their short-term economic statistics? The answer is the STES Timeliness Framework, a structured collection of documentation on a range of good practices currently used by NSOs for improving timeliness, reducing costs or improving accuracy for short-term economic statistics. This resource is freely available in the form of an intuitive, user friendly website developed by the OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics Expert Group at www.oecd.org/std/research/timeliness. This paper outlines the principles behind the development of this framework, explains its structure and reviews its current usage by statisticians.
This report on consumer information campaigns concerning scams, makes recommendations for five areas in which practice can be improved to ensure that scams are more effectively understood and that campaigning against them is more integrated.
French
With inputs of labour and capital slowing, sustaining high growth rates in Korea will increasingly depend on total factor productivity gains, which are in turn driven to a large extent by innovation. While a number of Korean firms are at the world technology frontier in areas such as ICT, the diffusion of technology to lagging sectors is a priority to sustain growth. This paper recommends policies to improve the science and technology system by upgrading the R&D framework, in part through closer linkages between firms, universities and the government, and enhanced intellectual property right protection. Strengthened competition, particularly in the service sector, is needed to promote the diffusion of new technologies. Innovation also requires policies to ensure the supply of high-quality human capital through reforms of tertiary education. This requires a restructuring of the university system through increased competition and deregulation, as well as additional financial resources to improve quality. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/korea).
This paper discusses policies to improve fiscal relations between levels of government to better meet the needs of citizens, an objective of the government’s “Roadmap for Decentralisation”. Although local government accounts for around half of total government spending, they have little autonomy and fiscal resources vary sharply between regions. The priority should be to enhance the independence of local authorities by establishing a clear division of responsibilities and transferring additional assignments to the local level. The general local governments should also have more influnence on education, while providing more support, through stronger linkages with the local education authorities, with a final aim of merger. The allocation of intergovernmental grants should be more transparent and the regulations attached to them should be relaxed to expand flexibility, while increasing reliance on block grants. Improving the fiscal federalism framework also requires more revenue raising power for local governments while simplifying the structure of local taxes. Greater accountability and rules are needed to ensure sound fiscal management by local governments. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/korea).
This paper analyses the increasing dualism in the Korean labour market and the need to encourage greater labour force participation. Although the rising proportion of non-regular workers lowers labour costs and increases employment flexibility, it has a negative impact on both equity and efficiency over the long term. Relaxing employment protection for regular workers and increasing the coverage of the social safety net for non-regular workers would help limit the extent of dualism. Population ageing is projected to be exceptionally rapid in Korea, leading to a significant decline in the workforce by mid-century. Steps to boost the participation of women through family-friendly policies are a priority. It is also important to encourage employees to stay at firms beyond the age of 50. Making the wage system more dependent on productivity and less on seniority and implementing a company pension system in place of the retirement allowance would help maintain the employment of older persons. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/korea).
We estimate the employment effects of product market reforms aimed at increasing competitive pressures and easing government controls in a sample of OECD countries over the past two decades. We control for several labour market policies and institutions that are thought to influence equilibrium employment rates, and check whether there are interactions between these policies and product market reforms. We find cross-country evidence that some labour and product market policies may be complementary and adjust for this in regressions. Consistent with the implications of the imperfect competition/bargaining model of Blanchard and Giavazzi (2003), our estimates suggest that restrictive regulations have curbed employment rates significantly in countries where no product market reforms were implemented. These effects appear to have been magnified by the interaction of such regulations with labour market settings that provide a strong bargaining power to insiders, suggesting that rent sharing tends to depress employment. The implication is that significant employment gains can be obtained by deregulating product markets in overly regulated countries. Moreover, these employment gains are likely to be higher in countries that have rigid labour markets.
For many years the school system in the United States has measured success by the number of dollars spent, computers and textbooks purchased, and programs created. Moreover, the measures of success have not focused on academic achievement. Since 1965, American taxpayers have spent more than $321 billion in federal funds on kindergarten through 12th grade public education, yet the average reading scores for 17-year-olds have not improved since the 1970s, according to the U.S. Department of Education.1 In an era where standards, testing and accountability are at the forefront of debate in the education community, parents, educators, administrators, legislators and stakeholders require an objective way of ascertaining the progress of public schools throughout the United States...
Finding a suitable balance of work and family life is not an easy task for parents who face multiple, and potentially conflicting, demands. Childcare policies play a crucial role in helping parents reconcile care and employment-related tasks. But inconsistent or poorly implemented policies can also introduce additional barriers that make it harder for families to arrange and share their responsibilities according to their needs and preferences. This paper quantifies the net cost of purchasing centre-based childcare in OECD countries taking into account a wide range of influences on household budgets, including fees charged by childcare providers as well as childcare-related tax concessions and cash benefits available to parents. Building on these calculations, family resources are evaluated for different employment situations in order to assess the financial trade-offs between work and staying at home. Results are disaggregated to identify the policy features that present barriers to work for parents whose employment decisions are known to be particularly responsive to financial work incentives: lone parents and second earners with young children requiring care.
This is the 2005 edition of a Net Social Expenditure paper that contains information on net (after tax) public and private social expenditure. These indicators supplement the detailed historical information on gross (before tax) publicly mandated social expenditure in the OECD Social Expenditure Database by accounting for the varying roles of voluntary private social spending and the tax system on social policy across OECD countries. Government intervention through the tax system affects social spending as governments levy direct taxes and social security contributions on cash transfers, and indirect taxes on goods and services bought by benefit recipients. In addition, governments may award tax advantages similar to cash benefits and/or grant tax concessions aiming to stimulate the provision of private social benefits. Through compulsion and tax relief public policy contributes to private pension plans, and such arrangements are generally considered within the social domain. This document refines the methodological framework previously developed per earlier editions of net social expenditure and presents indicators based on a common questionnaire for twenty-three OECD countries for which information on taxation of benefits in 2001 is now available: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Slovak Republic, Sweden, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. Accounting for the impact of the tax system and private social expenditure leads to a greater similarity in social expenditure to GDP ratios across countries and to a reassessment of the magnitude of welfare states. Usually, Denmark and Sweden are seen as the biggest social spenders. After accounting for the impact of taxation social expenditure to GDP ratios appear highest in France, Germany and Sweden.
This chapter explores some practical issues that have arisen in the WTO negotiations on environmental goods and services, especially issues pertaining to liberalising trade in environmental goods. Since environmental goods are not covered by a single chapter of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) — the international basis for codifying trade and tariffs — an agreement on environmental goods must be defined by reference to an agreed list. In such a case, when the most detailed (6-digit) product level is insufficiently specific, it becomes necessary to agree to create common commodity descriptions at the 8- or 10-digit level in national tariff schedules. Another important concern is the so-called “dual use” problem: many goods with environmental uses also can be used for nonenvironmental purposes. Possible solutions to these problems are explored, drawing on past experience in negotiating and implementing sectoral liberalisation agreements. The chapter also discusses issues relating to separate tariff lines for whole plants and to goods distinguished by their superior environmental performance in use. Finally, it considers some procedural and institutional issues that will have to be addressed before an agreement is concluded, notably whether to allow for the periodic addition of new goods to the agreement, and how to deal with the problem of changes over time in the relative environmental performance of competing goods.
This paper assesses the progress of China’s transition toward a market economy by examining the structure of ownership, productivity, and profitability, as well as the concentration of production across firms, industries and regions. It does this by analyzing a database of firm microdata of the quarter of a million industrial companies in operation during the 1998–2003 period. Results show that the private sector now accounts for more than half of industrial output, compared with barely more than a quarter in 1998, and operates much more efficiently than the public sector. Higher productivity has fed through to profitability, motivating greater regional specialization of production. These changes are consistent with what would be expected in a market-based economy, and suggests that reforms are making rapid progress. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of China (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/china).

This paper is based on seven national reports on national policies concerned with entrepreneurialism in universities as the context for a more detailed study of entrepreneurial behaviour in universities in the seven countries. It claims that the entrepreneurial university is a useful generic epithet to describe the manifold changes in mission, management and funding that many universities in Europe have experienced in the past two decades. The concept of university entrepreneurialism in most countries is linked to the “third mission” that is supplementing the long established teaching and academic research functions of universities and other higher education institutions. However, some governments are also concerned to encourage universities to embody the teaching of entrepreneurialism in at least some of their conventional courses. Five main drivers of entrepreneurial activities in the countries taking part in the “European Universities for Entrepreneurship: their role in the Europe of Knowledge”, (EUEREK) study are identified: ideology; expansion in the number of institutions; the knowledge society; globalisation; financial stringency. In some countries, especially in Eastern Europe there has been rapid growth in numbers of private higher education institutions. There are questions about whether this is an indication of entrepreneurialism, or of lack of entrepreneurial dynamism in the established public universities .The paper concludes with a preliminary review of managerial and governance changes in universities and colleges accompanying the growth of entrepreneurial and third mission activities.

French

Cet article met en lumière un éventail d’activités entrepreneuriales et de participation régionales menées par les universités en rapport avec les questions actuelles de gouvernance et de financement. Il présente un modèle de réseau et de partenariat qui reflète les instrument, établis ou nouveaux, utilisés les pays européens. Ce modèle a pour but de trouver un équilibre entre concurrence et coopération en tenant compte de la diversité et de la stratification des systèmes d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche dans différents pays. Du point de vue régional, il paraît primordial de s’assurer que les connaissances produites dans les universités sont transmises aux entreprises et à la société, de manière à créer une interaction entre les acteurs mondiaux et locaux. L'amélioration des interactions entre les universités et l'industrie passe par l'étude des caractéristiques de la gouvernance interne et externe car parfois des forces opposées entrent en jeu. Les universités doivent réaliser que différentes institutions peuvent être complémentaires. Elles doivent également se préoccuper des meilleures réponses à donner aux exigences de viabilité et de transparence dans le cadre plus large de l’espace du savoir. Ce type de réseaux et de partenariats doit être adapté aux spécificités régionales et aux caractéristiques des institutions concernées. Cette condition est nécessaire afin de pouvoir coordonner efficacement les moyens d'action mis en œuvre en vue d'atteindre les objectifs souhaités. Alors seulement pourra s'instaurer un esprit d'entreprise et d'innovation au sein d'établissements individuels, entre établissements et entre ces derniers et leurs régions.

English

Cet article soutient l'idée que les universités fabriquent des connaissances relevant des biens publics à travers la « destruction créative » du capital social. Elle est présentée comme une reformulation contemporaine de l'idéal humboldtien de l'unité de la recherche et de l'enseignement : la recherche « crée » (c'est-à-dire qu'elle concentre) du capital social, qui est alors « détruit » (c'est-à-dire diffusé) par le biais de l'enseignement. Le présent document répond aux récentes atteintes à l'intégrité de l'université en tant qu'institution associée au postmodernisme et à ce que l'on appelle la « nouvelle production de connaissances », qui évaluerait les universités suivant des indicateurs de performance axés sur le client. Cet article examine et fait la critique de l'apparition de ces indicateurs, puis des suggestions constructives d'indicateurs spécifiquement conçus pour mesurer les qualités dans lesquelles les universités excellent spécifiquement.

English

This paper explores the theoretical foundations of the concept of entrepreneurialism in universities and the contribution it can make to the knowledge society. It reviews the concept as an economic phenomenon and draws a distinction between the use of the term in economics and its use in higher education and that in higher education it can be seen as a contested idea which can in some circumstances be destructive of academic values. On the other hand it can strengthen institutional autonomy and can be an enabling process which stimulates research and innovation. Barriers to entrepreneurialism at national and institutional levels are noted and the important area of risk. Two particular ideas are discussed, the concept of the academic entrepreneur and the relationship between the new emphasis on universities’ regional role and the nature of the entrepreneurial university.

French

Prima facie, in the context of higher education, “entrepreneurialism” offers an example of globalisation: the idea presages a sense of systems of higher education converging across the world. However, entrepreneurialism is not undifferentiated but is to be found in different modes. Various axes identified in the paper offer spectra of entrepreneurialism and two are picked out for close inspection: these are, on the one hand, hard-soft forms of entrepreneurialism; and, on the other hand, forms of entrepreneurialism that are set in the context of strong states or strong markets. Set against each other, these two axes produce a grid that depicts four forms of entrepreneurialism: civic; hesitant; unbridled; and curtailed. These forms of entrepreneurialism can be understood as making possible or limiting alternative modes of knowledge travel. Accordingly, it may be judged that, far from heralding convergence, entrepreneurialism turns out to be a metaphor for differences of academic identity and even of academic being. These differences are so profound that they point to value choices as to the desirable forms of academic life itself.

French

This article reviews literature on changing environment and culture of European universities. First it considers: the pressures of globalisation and knowledge society on universities, the implication of emerging European higher education area, the demands confronting universities, the permeation of the public sector by market ideology and the restructuring the of relationship between universities and the state. Second, the article reviews developments at the university level: the meaning of the entrepreneurial culture, activities and structures specific to entrepreneurial universities as well as entrepreneurial university management. Finally, it addresses the issue of the contradictions between traditional academic values and the basic rules of the business world.

French

De prime abord, « l’esprit d’entreprise » dans le contexte de l’enseignement supérieur semble constituer un exemple de la mondialisation : il préfigure la convergence des systèmes d’enseignement supérieur partout dans le monde. Toutefois, l’esprit d’entreprise n’est pas uniforme, on le trouve au contraire sous différents modes. Plusieurs axes, définis dans cet article, présentent un panorama des diverses formes de l’esprit d’entreprise, dont deux sont étudiées plus en détail : d’un côté, les formes amplifiée/atténuée de l’esprit d’entreprise, et, de l’autre, des formes qui s’inscrivent dans le cadre d’États ou de marchés énergiques. Mis en présence, ces deux axes forment une grille dans laquelle apparaissent quatre types d’esprit d’entreprise : civique, hésitant, débridé et restreint. On peut estimer que ces types d’esprit d’entreprise facilitent ou, à l’inverse, limitent divers modes de voyage des connaissances. Aussi peut-on penser que, loin d’annoncer la convergence, l’esprit d’entreprise apparaît comme une métaphore des différences d’identité universitaire, voire d’existence universitaire. Ces différences sont si profondes qu’elles laissent entrevoir des choix de valeurs concernant les formes souhaitables de l’université elle-même.

English

On passe en revue dans cet article les publications qui traitent de l'évolution de l'environnement et de la culture des universités européennes. On y envisage tout d'abord les pressions qu'exercent sur les universités la mondialisation et la société du savoir, les incidences de la nouvelle zone européenne de l'enseignement supérieur, les exigences auxquelles les universités sont confrontées, l'imprégnation du secteur public par l'idéologie du marché et la restructuration des rapports entre les universités et l'État. On étudie ensuite l'évolution qui se produit dans les universités : la signification de la culture entrepreneuriale, les activités et les structures propres aux universités entrepreneuriales, ainsi que la gestion entrepreneuriale des universités. Enfin, on y traite des contradictions entre les valeurs traditionnelles de l'université et les valeurs de base de l'univers des affaires.

English

This article highlights a range of university entrepreneurship activities and regional engagement in relation to current governance and finance issues. A model for networking and developing partnership between universities and their region is presented, which reflects existing and emerging European level policy instruments. This model aims at finding the right balance between competition and collaboration and it takes into account the diversity and stratification of higher education and research systems in different countries. From a regional perspective, the most vital activity seems to be the flow of knowledge from universities to business and society, thereby linking global and local players. In order to achieve a better interaction between universities and industry, the various internal and external governance features have to be studied, as sometimes conflicting forces are at work. Universities will need to realise that different institutions can be complementary to one another. It is also important for them to consider how they can best respond to demands for sustainability and accountability of their own activities within a broader knowledge space. The networking and partnership model drafted here will need to be adapted to existing specific conditions and prevailing institutional and regional characteristics. This is necessary in order to successfully coordinate policy instruments to achieve desirable results. Only then can viable entrepreneurialism and innovation be fostered within individual HEIs, between them, and in their regions.

French
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