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Session Summaries World energy demand will grow substantially over the next fifty years. With that energy growth will come increasing demands on limited traditional fossil fuels and on a fragile environment already seeing the effects of man-made greenhouse gas emissions. Nuclear power can play an important role in the energy sector as a non-carbon-emitting power source.
Foreword As growing demand for energy has prompted an increasing use of fossil fuels, the resulting issue of climate change has in turn led to renewed interest in the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier. Currently, hydrogen is mainly manufactured by reforming fossil fuels, implying that greenhouse gas emission reduction benefits will not be significant unless a non-carbon-emitting hydrogen manufacturing route is developed.
Synergy of Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy for the Energy Future The paper reviews the methods of producing or upgrading the energy carriers utilizing fossil fuels and nuclear energy, individually or synergistically, for the 21st century when the best-mixed supplies of available primary energies are crucial.
Can Nuclear Power Complete in the Hydrogen Economy? Today, hydrogen is used primarily in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. The dominant technology to produce hydrogen is steam methane reforming (SMR), which uses natural gas as both feedstock and fuel. Hydrogen could become a major carrier of energy for distributed use, such as in fuel-cell vehicles.
Future Plan on Environmentally Friendly Hydrogen Production by Nuclear Energy It is universally recognised that hydrogen is one of the best energy media and its demand will increase greatly in the near future. However, since little hydrogen exists naturally, it is necessary to develop suitable technology to produce hydrogen without CO2 emission from the view point of global environment al protection.
Research and Development for Nuclear Production of Hydrogen in Japan The measures toward Hydrogen Energy Society are described in the "Basic Energy Plan" (October 2003), in which nuclear hydrogen production is expected as a process which suppresses carbon dioxide emission to the utmost and is independent from fossil fuels expenditure.
The U.S. Department of Energy Research and Development Programme on Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear Energy As part of the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative proposed by President George W. Bush in 2003, the Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative is developing technologies to provide large amounts of hydrogen without pollution or greenhouse gases.
An Overview of the Cea Roadmap for Hydrogen Production Hydrogen is a most promising energy carrier to replace hydrocarbons as fuel sources, in particular for transport, with respect to lower greenhouse gases emissions. To provide massive hydrogen in a sustainable manner, the CEA has worked on high temperature free CO2 processes, biomass decomposition and bioprocesses
R&D Effort on Nuclear Hydrogen Production Technology in China To meet the target of social-economic development in China, both nuclear energy and secured supply of oil or its substitutes are of vital important roles in the Chinese primary energy supply mix from mid and long term point of view. A very active programme of developing high temperature gascooled reactors is being executed in China..
An Update on Canadian Activities on Hydrogen While Canada is one of the charter signatories of the International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy, its national programme of R&D is still being defined. With awareness of what the national program will likely include and on the premise that nuclear energy will be the main primary source of energy, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited has evolved a vision of the way forward.
Nuclear Hydrogen Production Project in Korea In 2004, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute(KAERI) received a contract from the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST) to launch the Project "Nuclear Hydrogen Development and Demonstration(NHDD)".
GTHTR300 Design Variants for Production of Electricity, Hydrogen or Both Japan Atomic Energy Agency has undertaken an extensive design study of gas turbine high temperature reactor, named the GTHTR300. A design philosophy of system simplicity, economical competitiveness, and originality has enabled the evolution of a family of GTHTR300 plant design variants with production ranging from electricity to hydrogen or both.
H2-MHR Conceptual Designs Based on the SI Process and HTE For electricity and hydrogen production, the advanced reactor technology receiving the most international interest is a modular, passively-safe version of the high-temperature, helium-cooled reactor referred to in the United States as the modular helium reactor (MHR).
Coupling a Hydrogen Production Process to a Nuclear Reactor Work is currently underway to define a pre-conceptual design of a Hydrogen Production Plant. As a reference case, a VHTR is dedicated to Hydrogen production using the Sulphur-Iodine process. The chemical part of the plant is based on a reference very detailed flow-sheet where all components are listed.
HTTR Test Programme Towards Coupling with the IS Process
Current Status of Research and Development on System Integration Technology for Connection Between HTGR and Hydrogen Production System at Jaea Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has been promoting R&D on the hydrogen production technology with a high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) with a view to contributing to the global warming issue and hydrogen energy society in the near future.
Study on Thermochemical Iodine-Sulfur Process at JAEA Thermochemical water-splitting process of Iodine-Sulfur family (IS process) has been studied in various research institutions. Previous studies cover the chemistry of each reaction section, heat/mass balance analysis of the process flowsheet, screening of corrosion-resistant materials of construction, development of advanced chemical reactor made of ceramics, and small-scale demonstration of the closed-cycle hydrogen production.
Studies on Continuous and Closed-Cycle Hydrogen Production by a Thermochemical Water-Splitting Iodine-Sulfur Process The use of the iodine-sulfur process for hydrogen production, which utilizes nuclear energy, has attracted considerable interest for applications in areas including the economy, environmental conservation and mass production.
Experimentaland Analytical Results on H2SO4 and SO3 Decomposers for IS Process Pilot Plant The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), whose former organisation name is the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI), is conducting R&D on high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) and also on thermochemical hydrogen production iodine-sulfur cycle (IS process).
A Scoping Flowsheet Methodology for Evaluating Alternative Thermochemical Cycles Four thermochemical cycles were identified as potentially promising alternative cycles. Two were metal sulfate cycles and two were metal chloride cycles. All are hybrid cycles, i.e., they have an electrochemical step. These cycles were evaluated with a recently developed scoping flowsheet methodology to determine their maximum theoretical efficiency and their ability to function as a cycle.
Study of the Hybrid CU-CL Cycle for Nuclear Hydrogen Production AECL is collaborating with Argonne National Laboratory in the development of the Hybrid Cu-Cl Cycle for hydrogen production using nuclear energy. This cycle is well suited for integration with the Supercritical Heavy Water Cooled Reactor (SCWR) under development by AECL as part of the fourth generation Advanced CANDU® Technology.
Preliminary Process Analysis and Simulation of the Copper Chlorine .Hydrogen is an attractive fuel for the future because it is renewable as an energy resource and it is also flexible as an energy carrier. Process analysis and simulation flowsheets for thermochemical cycles have been developed in the framework of ASPEN PLUS (chemical analysis simulator) in order to study hydrogen generation.
Development of the Hybrid Sulfur Thermochemical Cycle The production of hydrogen via the thermochemical splitting of water is being considered as a primary means for utilising the heat from advanced nuclear reactors to provide fuel for a hydrogen economy. The Hybrid Sulfur (HyS) Process is one of the baseline candidates identified by the U.S.
The Sulfur-Iodine and Others Thermochemical Processes Studies at CEA The thermochemical Sulphur-Iodine process is studied by CEA with the objective of massive Hydrogen production using the heat at high temperature coming from a very high temperature reactor. A two folds programme was set up in 2000.
Present Research Status and Development Plan of Nuclear Hydrogen Production Programme in INET At the institute of nuclear and new energy technology (INET) of Tsinghua University, P.R. China, a high temperature gas-cooled reactor, HTR-10, has been constructed and reached criticality, the relative research activities on nuclear hydrogen production were initiated since 2004.
Development of the Thermochemical and Electrolytic Hybrid Hydrogen Production Process for Sodium Cooled FBR The thermochemical and electrolytic hybrid hydrogen production process has been developed by Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC). The process is based on sulfuric acid (H2SO4 synthesis and decomposition process developed earlier (Westinghouse process) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) decomposition process is facilitated by electrolysis with ionic oxygen conductive solid electrolyte at 500°C-550°C.
Progress in High-Temperature Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production A research program is under way at the Idaho National Laboratory to assess the performance of solid-oxide cells operating in the steam electrolysis mode for hydrogen production over a temperature range of 800 to 900ºC. The research program includes both experimental and modeling activities.
Possibility of a Chemical Hydrogen Carrier System Based on Nuclear Power Possibility of a chemical hydrogen carrier system for fuel cell vehicles, which utilised chemical reactions and capable to realise efficient hydrogen transportation with zero carbon dioxide emission and small explosion risk, was discussed in this study.
A Study on the Hi Concentration by Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrodialysis Concentration of HI over HIx solution by polymer electrolyte membrane electrodialysis was investigated using galvanodynamic and galvanostatic polarisation method. For this purpose, HIx solution with sub-azeotrope composition (HI : I2 : H2O = 1.0 : 0.5 : 5.8) was prepared.
The Preparation Characteristics of Hydrogen Permselective Membrane for Higher Performance in Is Process of Nuclear Hydrogen Production The thermochemical splitting of water has been proposed as a clean method for hydrogen production. The IS process is one of the thermochemical water splitting processes using iodine and sulfur as reaction agents. The silica membrane to apply for the HI decomposition membrane reactor of the IS process was prepared by sol-gel and thermal CVD methods.
Thermal Decomposition of SO3 The iodine-sulfur and the Westinghouse method are recognised as thermochemical methods for producing hydrogen from water. Thermal decomposition of SO3 is an important process in both methods. This study evaluated the decomposition rate of SO3 using a flow type apparatus.
Direct Energy Conversion by Proton-Conducting Ceramic Fuel Cell Supplied with CH4 and H2O at 600-800°C Relations between current density and terminal voltage (I-V curves) of the proton-conducting ceramic of SrCe0.95Yb0.05O3-a were determined for application to a fuel cell working at 600 - 800°C. In a similar way to the introduction of a H2 + H2O mixture, its anode supplied with a CH4 + H2O mixture worked as a fuel cell efficiently without any external CH4-to-H2 reformer.
Separation and Utlisation of Rare Metal Fission Products in Nuclear Fuel Cycle as for Hydrogen Production Catalysts? A novel reprocessing system with recovery of actinides, long-lived fission products (LLFP) and valuable rare metal fission products (RMFP) has been proposed. This process is based on ion exchange (IX) and catalytic electrolytic extraction (CEE). The pre-filtration step using tertiary pyridine-type anion-exchange resin is set prior to the main actinide recovery steps in this system.
Electrical Conductive Perovskite Anodes in Sulfur-Based Hybrid Cycle Sulfur-based hybrid cycle (SHC) process has been attracted much attention as a mass production process of hydrogen, which consists of an electrolysis step, 2H2O+SO2 ¨ H2 + H2SO4 (353 K), and a thermal decomposition step, H2SO4 ¨ H2O + SO2 + 1/2O2 (1123 K).
Generation of H2 by Decomposition of Pulp in Supercritical Water with Ruthenium (IV) Oxide Catalyst The production of hydrogen from pulp, a kind of biomass, in supercritical water in the presence of ruthenium (IV) dioxide RuO2 as a catalyst was studied. All experiments were carried out under argon atmosphere to avoid the effect of oxide during reaction.
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