This chapter highlights the importance of effective and efficient multi-level governance to enhance development policy outcomes for citizens and businesses. This chapter first highlights the role of local and regional government in advancing national strategic objectives and the key role played by the Ministry of Regional Development as the key Centre of Government co-ordinating institution that manages multi-level governance in Poland. The chapter then examines the need for enhanced vertical and horizontal coordination at the EU, national and sub-national levels; the main challenges that Poland is facing with respect to disparities in fiscal, policy and administrative capacity; and how effective multi-level governance arrangements can help Poland address these challenges. Finally, the chapter focuses on the initiatives taken by the government such as the National Regional Development Strategy 2010-2020, which are in the early stages of implementation, and offers advice on how to proceed in this regard based on practices in this area that have worked in other countries in the OECD.