Governments from OECD member and non-member countries need to improve the capacity, competency and efficiency of the public administration and public services if citizens’ expectations of good service and value for money are to be met. This chapter reviews the strategy of the Brazilian federal government to strengthen capacity. In the light of the experience of OECD countries, the chapter focuses on the management of competencies as a basis for integrating human resource management policies and practices into the government’s goals and performance. It also examines the structure and management of job categories and career paths and their implications for workforce flexibility and cost effectiveness, the employment arrangements to acquire human capacity and talent, and the training and development of staff strategies.