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The contracting out of government functions and services to external providers is an established practice in many developed and developing countries. On the one hand, it can offer essential support to states that have to deliver basic services urgently; on the other, it risks bypassing governments and undermining their long-term recovery. The OECD’s Partnership for Democratic Governance was formed in 2007 to gather evidence on this issue.
This handbook does not take a view for or against contracting out; nor is it a technical manual. The handbook is for field practitioners and government policy makers in countries that are either emerging from conflict or are otherwise considered to be fragile. Its aim is to help them make more informed choices about the types of contracting that are best suited to their country. It is a tool to assess whether contracting out might be a possible way forward – either temporarily or over a longer period of time – for delivering a core service (such as basic education, healthcare, water and sanitation) or a government function (such as managing public finances and human resources). The handbook illustrates these points with the aid of case studies ranging from Afghanistan to Haiti and Liberia.
A probing report on the harm caused by hard-core cartels, on progress made in combating them, and on the challenges that lie ahead. Since adoption of its 1998 recommendation on effective action against hard-core cartels, the OECD has been leading an international effort to restrict their activities. This report reviews progress in combating hard-core cartels notably through strengthened sanctions against companies and individuals. It also quantifies the harm cartels cause and identifies improved methods of investigation. Despite recent progress in several jurisdictions, much remains to be done and this report outlines and identifies the challenges that lie ahead.
Globalisation has had positive effects on the development of tax systems and has encouraged countries to engage in base broadening and rate reducing tax reforms. However, it has also created an environment in which tax havens thrive and in which governments may be induced to adopt harmful preferential tax regimes to attract mobile activities. Tax competition in the form of harmful tax practices can distort trade and investment patterns, erode national tax bases and shift part of the tax burden onto less mobile tax bases, such as labor and consumption, thus adversely affecting employment and undermining the fairness of tax structures.
The Report emphasises that governments must intensify their cooperative actions to curb harmful tax practices. To achieve this, OECD Member governments have developed "Guidelines on Harmful Preferential Tax Regimes". These Guidelines will discourage the spread of harmful preferential tax regimes and encourage countries with such regimes to eliminate them. To counteract both tax havens and harmful preferential tax regimes, Member governments have also agreed to pursue vigorously the implementation of the other Recommendations in the Report, including entering into a dialogue with non-member countries.
All countries are investing in health data. There are however significant cross-country differences in data availability and use. Some countries stand out for their innovative practices enabling privacy-protective data use while others are falling behind with insufficient data and restrictions that limit access to and use of data, even by government itself. Countries that develop a data governance framework that enables privacy-protective data use will not only have the information needed to promote quality, efficiency and performance in their health systems, they will become a more attractive centre for medical research. After examining the current situation in OECD countries, a multi-disciplinary advisory panel of experts identified eight key data governance mechanisms to maximise benefits to patients and to societies from the collection, linkage and analysis of health data and to, at the same time, minimise risks to the privacy of patients and to the security of health data. These mechanisms include coordinated development of high-value, privacy-protective health information systems, legislation that permits privacy-protective data use, open and transparent public communication, accreditation or certification of health data processors, transparent and fair project approval processes, data de-identification and data security practices that meet legal requirements and public expectations without compromising data utility and a process to continually assess and renew the data governance framework as new data and new risks emerge.
This report explores how data and digital technology can help achieve policy objectives and drive positive transformation in the health sector while managing new risks such as privacy, equity and implementation costs. It examines the following topics: improving service delivery models; empowering people to take an active role in their health and their care; improving public health; managing biomedical technologies; enabling better collaboration across borders; and improving health system governance and stewardship. It also examines how health workforces should be equipped to make the most of digital technology. The report contains findings from surveys of OECD countries and shares a range of examples that illustrate the potential benefits as well as challenges of the digital transformation in the health sector. Findings and recommendations are relevant for policymakers, health care providers, payers, industry as well as patients, citizens and civil society.
The spectacular success of several well-known new ventures in technological fields, which in little more than a decade have jumped from the state of start-ups to that of top international businesses, has pointed to innovation as a key factor in the high growth of firms. These high-growth enterprises often drive job creation and innovation, so policy makers are increasingly making such companies a key focus. Specifically, how can government policy foster the creation of more high-growth enterprises; what are the growth factors, and how can they be leveraged; what are the appropriate ways to provide such support?
To help answer these questions, this report presents findings from two new research studies: (1) reports from 15 countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and Tunisia) that provide interesting insights into the operations of and challenges faced by high-growth enterprises; (2) a policy survey by the OECD Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship, which reviewed more than 340 programmes that policy makers in 24 countries have put in place to support the growth of enterprises.
Some of this report’s findings may surprise: any firm can be a growth company; growth is almost always a temporary phase; high-growth small firms are funded mostly by debt, not equity. These and many more insights are summarised and analysed, providing policy makers with ideas on how to power growth at the firm level.
Housing in Korea has been part of the government policy development agenda for the past three decades contributing to reducing the historical housing shortage and improving the quality of dwellings. Despite its achievements, Korea now faces a housing affordability challenge as prices are too high for several social groups (i.e. newly wedded), owner occupancy levels are decreasing, and social housing is struggling to meet demand. Korea has a complex social housing system largely focused on low-income households, who still suffer from housing poverty in terms of housing stability, affordability and quality.
A holistic view on housing policy to promote a more inclusive society and sustainable economic growth is needed. To overcome the current housing challenge requires expanding the network of public housing providers by including the private and community sectors that could alleviate the government’s financial burden. Korea is linking housing and urban regeneration strategies to respond to the complex challenges of social inclusion, job creation, housing and economic revitalisation. Korea has been at the forefront of smart city development for more than a decade, which has brought benefits to Korean cities such as integrated transport systems, and it is now committed to applying the concept as a vehicle for inclusive growth.
This report brings together 45 of the education continuity stories that were jointly documented by the OECD, the World Bank, Harvard’s Global Education Innovation Initiative and HundrED during the first wave of school closures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It covers a variety of different examples on how governments and non-governmental organisations quickly responded to school closures to implement a strategy for learners around the world to continue to study. While often based on the use of digital solutions, those solutions target specific solutions aimed at academic learning, socio-emotional support, teacher professional development, etc. The book covers examples from low, middle and high income countries on all continents and draws some lessons of these fast-paced responses to reimagine a post-pandemic education across the world.
The sale of publicly-owned oil, gas and minerals can have a significant impact on the development trajectory of resource-rich developing and emerging economies due to the large volume of commodities sold and the amount of money involved. Therefore, getting the buyer selection process right is a crucial step to prevent potential public revenue losses that can arise through sub-optimal allocation and corruption.
This Guidance is intended to strengthen state-owned enterprises (SOEs)’ capacity to market commodities and optimise the value of resources sold. It explains how SOEs can set up transparent and competitive buyer selection procedures that reduce discretion, close opportunities for favouritism and corruption, ultimately leading to increased revenues for improved development outcomes. Based on the review of existing selection and procurement processes, the Guidance provides recommendations for countering key corruption challenges at each step of the buyer selection process, and identifies examples of best practices. This Guidance complements the work of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) on recommended disclosures of buyer selection procedures by SOEs.
How’s Life? charts whether life is getting better for people in 37 OECD countries and 4 partner countries. This fifth edition presents the latest evidence from an updated set of over 80 indicators, covering current well-being outcomes, inequalities, and resources for future well-being. Since 2010, people’s well-being has improved in many respects, but progress has been slow or deteriorated in others, including how people connect with each other and their government. Large gaps by gender, age and education persist across most well-being outcomes. Generally, OECD countries that do better on average also feature greater equality between population groups and fewer people living in deprivation. Many OECD countries with poorer well-being in 2010 have since experienced the greatest gains. However, advances in current well-being have not always been matched by improvements in the resources that sustain well-being over time, with warning signs emerging across natural, human, economic and social capital. Beyond an overall analysis of well-being trends since 2010, this report explores in detail the 15 dimensions of the OECD Better Life Initiative, including health, subjective well-being, social connections, natural capital, and more, and looks at each country’s performance in dedicated country profiles.
Many Latin American countries have experienced improvements in income over recent decades, with several of them now classified as high-income or upper middle-income in terms of conventional metrics. But has this change been mirrored in improvements across the different areas of people’s lives? How’s Life in Latin America? Measuring Well-being for Policy Making addresses this question by presenting comparative evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) with a focus on 11 LAC countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay). Spanning material conditions, quality of life, resources for future well-being, and inequalities, the report presents available evidence on well-being both before and since the onset of the pandemic, based on the OECD Well-being Framework. It also identifies priorities for addressing well-being gaps and describes how well-being frameworks are used in policy within Latin America and elsewhere around the world, providing lessons for governments on what is needed to put people’s well-being at the centre of their action. The report is part of the EU Regional Facility for Development in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean.
This publication examines the risks associated with the release of excessive nitrogen into the environment (climate change, depletion of the ozone layer, air pollution, water pollution, loss of biodiversity, deterioration of soil quality). The report also examines the uncertainty associated with the ability of nitrogen to move from one ecosystem to another and cause "cascading effects". In addition to better management of nitrogen risks at the local level, there is a need to consider the global risks associated with the continued increase in nitrous oxide concentrations and to prevent excess nitrogen in all its forms by developing cost-effective strategies for all its sources. Other than the reduction of nitrogen pollution, this report provides guidance on the use of nitrogen policy instruments and how to ensure coherence with objectives such as food security, energy security and environmental objectives.
This report analyses Hungary’s Public Administration and Public Service Development Strategy 2014-2020, focusing on human resources management, digital government, and budgeting practices. It also provides practical recommendations for improving efficiency.
This review focuses on the objectives and direction of the State Territorial Administration Reform (STAR) that the Government of Hungary launched in 2010. It provides an evidence-based evaluation of the current state of the reform and identifies steps that can be taken to improve territorial-administration governance and improve service delivery. The review presents practical recommendations to strengthen the structures, processes and resources of the territorial state administration, including opportunities for co-ordination and collaboration between the central, territorial and local self-government administration.
This report presents the findings and recommendations from analysis conducted by the OECD as part of the OECD-Hungary Strategic Partnership for Public Administration Reform. Through this initiative, the OECD has supported the government of Hungary in putting in place some of the key building blocks of a “strategic state”. The report’s recommendations can be expected to contribute to strengthening the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and integrity of the public administration and contribute to supporting sustainable and inclusive growth and development in Hungary.
Hướng dẫn của OECD về Thẩm định đối với các Chuỗi cung ứng có trách nhiệm trong lĩnh vực May Mặc và Giày Dép (gọi tắt là “Hướng dẫn”) được xây dựng nhằm hỗ trợ các doanh nghiệp thực hiện các khuyến nghị thẩm định nêu trong Bộ Hướng dẫn của OECD cho các Doanh nghiệp đa quốc gia hoạt động trong chuỗi cung ứng may mặc và giày dép, qua đó ngăn ngừa và xử lý các tác động tiêu cực mà hoạt động của họ và các chuỗi cung ứng gây ra. Nhằm hỗ trợ thực hiện Bộ Hướng dẫn của OECD, Hướng dẫn này đặt mục tiêu đảm bảo các doanh nghiệp trong ngành may mặc và giày dép hoạt động hài hòa với các chính sách của nhà nước, qua đó tăng cường cơ sở tin cậy lẫn nhau giữa doanh nghiệp và mỗi trường xã hội mà doanh nghiệp hoạt động. Hướng dẫn này cũng mong muốn tạo điều kiện thuận lợi để các doanh nghiệp thực thi những khuyến nghị về thẩm định nêu trong Các Nguyên tắc Hướng dẫn của Liên Hiệp quốc về Kinh doanh và Quyền con người. Quy định trong Hướng dẫn phù hợp với Tuyên bố của Tổ chức Lao động Quốc tế (ILO) về các Quyền và Nguyên tắc Cơ bản tại nơi làm việc, các Công ước và Khuyến nghị có liên quan của ILO, và Tuyên bố ba bên của của ILO về các nguyên tắc liên quan đến các doanh nghiệp đa quốc gia và chính sách xã hội. Cùng với các hợp phần về thẩm định cho các lĩnh vực rủi ro đặc thù, tài liệu này sẽ cung cấp cho doanh nghiệp một bộ Hướng dẫn hoàn chỉnh để hoạt động và tìm nguồn cung ứng một cách trách nhiệm trong lĩnh vực may mặc và giày dép.
Ayudar a los países a mejorar la vida de sus ciudadanos requiere una cooperación internacional al desarrollo que sea eficaz. Los principios de la Alianza Global para la Cooperación Eficaz al Desarrollo – apropiación por parte de los países socios; enfoque en resultados; alianzas incluyentes; transparencia y rendición de cuentas – han estado guiando las relaciones entre los socios para el desarrollo durante casi una década, ayudándoles a fortalecer y mejorar la forma en que cooperan y asegurando que todos los ciudadanos estén involucrados en el proceso.
La Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) trabajan juntos para evaluar el progreso en el uso de estos principios. En 2018, 86 países y territorios en colaboración con más de 100 socios para el desarrollo, recopilaron información para servir de base para este trabajo y generar evidencia. Al destacar dónde se han realizado progresos y dónde persisten desafíos, este trabajo sirve para informar a los gobiernos y a sus socios sobre cómo fortalecer la acción colectiva hacia el avance de la Agenda 2030 de Desarrollo Sostenible.
Khuyến nghị của Hội đồng về Hướng dẫn về Quản trị Công ty trong Doanh nghiệp
Nhà nước
Về Khả năng áp dụng của Bộ Hướng dẫn và định nghĩa
I. Lý do cho việc Nhà nước đóng vai trò Chủ sở hữu
II. Nhà nước đóng vai trò chủ sở hữu
III. Doanh nghiệp Nhà nước Trên Thị trường
IV. Đối xử công bằng với cổ đông và các nhà đầu tư khác
V. Quan hệ với các bên có quyền lợi liên quan và kinh doanh có trách nhiệm
VI. Công bố thông tin và tính minh bạch
VII. Trách nhiệm của Hội đồng Quản trị trong Doanh nghiệp Nhà nước Hướng
dẫn chi tiết cho Bộ Hướng dẫn.
Česká republika dosáhla pokroku při oddělování hospodářského růstu od čerpání pitné vody, spotřeby energie, emisí skleníkových plynů a dalších znečišťujících látek v ovzduší. Její silná průmyslová základna a spoléhání se na uhlí však řadí Českou republiku mezi energeticky a uhlíkově nejnáročnější země OECD a znečištění ovzduší představuje vážné zdravotní riziko. Pokrok směrem k udržitelnému rozvoji bude vyžadovat posílení politického závazku k nízkouhlíkovému hospodářství a provádění nákladově efektivnějších environmentálních politik.
Toto je třetí Hodnocení politik životního prostředí České republiky. Vyhodnocuje pokrok směrem k udržitelnému rozvoji a zelenému růstu se zaměřením na oblast nakládání s odpady a materiály a oběhové hospodářství a na udržitelný rozvoj měst.
El Gobierno de México, bajo el liderazgo del Presidente Enrique Peña Nieto, diseñó el paquete de reformas más ambicioso que la OCDE ha presenciado en años recientes. Después forjó el consenso político necesario para refrendarlo mediante el inusitado Pacto por México; promovió la aprobación de estas y otras reformas en el Congreso; y comenzó a ponerlas en marcha. A través de esta batería de reformas se abordaron problemas en áreas de política pública que habían esperado cambios profundos durante décadas; en el mercado laboral, la educación, el trabajo, los impuestos, las telecomunicaciones, el sector energético y el sistema judicial, entre otras. México todavía afronta retos importantes, por lo que es decisivo para México continuar con su agenda de reformas. Además, se requiere fortalecer algunas de las reformas recientes, mantenerlas actualizadas y promoverlas para garantizar su aplicación eficaz. La OCDE está lista para seguir acompañando a México en este camino.