This chapter describes the main actors in the Slovenian innovation system, their linkages and the main challenges. The business sector includes a number of internationally well integrated, dynamic industries, many of them part of European supplier networks. Overall the Slovenian economy faces challenges as regards innovation leadership, productivity and resilience. The university sector, with a comparatively small number of organisations and share of gross domestic product, has many successful individual research groups. Public research organisations have a traditionally strong position, with a high degree of devolution of powers and a general tendency to integrate basic and industry-oriented research. Transfer and collaboration patterns are influenced by the organisational set-up of the public research sector; there are many dedicated transfers institutions and programmes. Finally, human resources for research and innovation are analysed.