Browse by: "2014"

« Les femmes et l’entreprise 2014 » dresse un tableau des progrès accomplis dans le cadre du Forum des Femmes Entrepreneurs OCDE-MENA depuis la parution du premier rapport « Les femmes et l’entreprise » en 2012. En 2012, cinq domaines d'actions ont été identifiés comme priorités à mettre en œuvre par les gouvernements, les parties prenantes internationales, les organisations financières et de soutien aux entreprises, ainsi que par les agences statistiques. En deux ans, le Forum des Femmes Entrepreneurs a développé des contributions  dans trois de ces domaines d'action prioritaires. Les contributions du Forum des Femmes Entrepreneurs sont à la mesure de sa reconnaissance croissante en tant que hub encourageant des améliorations concrètes du climat des affaires pour les femmes entrepreneurs dans la région MENA.

Plus que jamais, l’entrepreneuriat féminin constitue un volet essentiel des politiques de création d’emplois mises en place par les gouvernements de la région afin d’améliorer le bien-être d’une main-d’œuvre croissante et restaurer la confiance dans l’économie. Les perspectives économiques des pays de la région MENA ayant traversé une transition politique se sont améliorées, mais le chômage reste en hausse, l'inflation continue d’augmenter et les finances publiques de se détériorer. Dans ces pays, les incertitudes politiques s’ajoutent à des difficultés structurelles. Dans les pays du Conseil de coopération du Golfe (CCG), les défis restent encore liés à la diversification de leurs économies.

The Sahara-Sahel has seen recurrent episodes of instability. However, the recent Libyan and Malian crises have intensified the level of violence. These episodes have restructured the geopolitical and geographical dynamics of the region. Cross-border or regional, these contemporary crises require new institutional responses. How can countries sharing this space -  Algeria, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Mauritania, Niger, Chad and Tunisia and all related states such as Nigeria - stabilize and develop?

Historically, the Sahara plays an intermediary role between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. Commercial and human exchanges are intense and based on social networks that now include trafficking. Understanding their structure, geographical and organizational mobility of criminal groups and migratory movements represents a strategic challenge. This book hopes to address this challenge and stimulate strategies for the Sahel of the European Union, the United Nations, the African Union or ECOWAS (Economic Community of the States of West Africa) in order to foster lasting peace.

The Atlas is based on an analysis of mapped regional security issues and development objectives to open the necessary dialogue between regional and international organizations, governments, researchers and local stakeholders tracks.

Le Sahara-Sahel traverse des épisodes récurrents d’instabilité, cependant les crises libyenne et malienne récentes intensifient le degré de violence. Elles restructurent les dynamiques géopolitiques et géographiques. Transfrontalières voire régionales, ces crises contemporaines nécessitent de nouvelles réponses institutionnelles. Comment les pays partageant cet espace – Algérie, Libye, Mali, Maroc, Mauritanie, Niger, Tchad et Tunisie - peuvent-ils, ensemble et en relation avec des états tels que le Nigéria, le stabiliser et le développer ?

Depuis toujours, le Sahara joue un rôle d’intermédiaire entre l’Afrique du Nord et l’Afrique subsaharienne. Avant l’époque romaine, des routes le traversaient déjà, à l’origine militaires. Les échanges commerciaux et humains sont intenses et fondés sur des réseaux sociaux auxquels se greffent désormais les trafics. La compréhension de leur structuration, de la mobilité géographique et organisationnelle des groupes criminels et des circulations migratoires représente un défi stratégique. Cet ouvrage espère relever ce défi et nourrir les stratégies pour le Sahel de l’Union européenne, des Nations Unies, de l’Union africaine ou encore de la CEDEAO (Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest) en vue d’une paix durable.

Cet Atlas s’appuie sur une analyse cartographiée et régionale des enjeux de sécurité et de développement pour ouvrir des pistes objectives au nécessaire dialogue entre organisations régionales et internationales, États, chercheurs et acteurs locaux.

Cette publication conjointe OCDE-OMC est un coup de projecteur sur l’Aide pour le commerce visant à évaluer ce qui se passe, ce qui ne se passe pas, et où des améliorations sont nécessaires. L’analyse porte plus particulièrement sur les tendances des politiques, programmes et pratiques dans le domaine de l’Aide pour le commerce. Elle montre que l’initiative Aide pour le commerce produit des résultats tangibles en améliorant les résultats commerciaux et les conditions de vie des gens, en particulier des femmes, dans les pays en développement.
Il ressort du rapport que l’Aide pour le commerce joue un rôle important en permettant aux entreprises des pays en développement de se connecter aux chaînes de valeur et de s’élever dans ces chaînes. En fait, l’émergence des chaînes de valeur renforce la légitimité de l’Aide pour le commerce.
Les parties prenantes continuent à participer activement à l’initiative Aide pour le commerce. L’exercice de suivi de 2013 était basé sur les auto évaluations de 80 pays en développement, 28 donateurs bilatéraux, 15 donateurs multilatéraux et 9 fournisseurs de coopération Sud Sud. À cela s’ajoutaient les avis exprimés par 524 entreprises (fournisseurs) de pays en développement et 173 entreprises dominantes, pour la plupart des pays de l’OCDE.
 

Uruguay ha tenido notables progresos durante el último decenio. Medidas macroeconómicas estables y el favorable entorno exterior han permitido un crecimiento dinámico y el financiamiento de políticas sociales. Así mismo, se han mejorado sustancialmente varias dimensiones del marco de bienestar de las personas y se han paliado considerablemente los riesgos externos. Sin embargo, de cara al futuro,  se plantean desafíos al mantenimiento del desempeño. Para poder hacer frentes a estos desafíos se requiere encontrar el balance entre objetivos de largo plazo y la estabilidad macroeconómica y fiscal.

Uno de los principales obstáculos al crecimiento económico es la provisión insuficiente de capital humano y competencias. Varios retos persisten para la educación, que, junto con la política fiscal, son recursos cruciales para reducir las desigualdades y mantener el desarrollo económico. Adicionalmente, Uruguay necesita abordar los déficits de mano de obra para evitar restricciones a su crecimiento, especialmente ahora que las exportaciones son más intentas en mano de obra calificada. Es importante orientar las políticas sociales y el gasto hacia los grupos más vulnerables.

Southeast Asia’s booming economy offers tremendous growth potential, but also large and interlinked economic, social and environmental challenges. The region’s current growth model is based in large part on natural resource exploitation, exacerbating these challenges. This report provides evidence that, with the right policies and institutions, Southeast Asia can pursue green growth and thus sustain the natural capital and environmental services, including a stable climate, on which prosperity depends.

Carried out in consultation with officials and researchers from across the region, Towards Green Growth in Southeast Asia provides a framework for regional leaders to design their own solutions to move their countries towards green growth. While recognising the pressures that Southeast Asian economies face to increase growth, fight poverty and enhance well-being, the report acknowledges the links between all these dimensions and underscores the window of opportunity that the region has now to sustain its wealth of natural resources, lock-in resource-efficient and resilient infrastructure, attract investment, and create employment in the increasingly dynamic and competitive sectors of green technology and renewable energy.

Some key policy recommendations are that these challenges can be met by scaling up existing attempts to strengthen governance and reform countries’ economic structure; mainstreaming green growth into national development plans and government processes; accounting for the essential ecosystem services provided by natural capital, ending open-access natural resource exploitation; and guiding the sustainable growth of cities to ensure well-being and prosperity.

Deepening economic integration via regional co-operation has emerged as a key priority in the reform strategies of most developing economies over the past decade. This is evidenced by the explosive growth in bilateral and regional trading agreements in which they now participate. Regional aid for trade can help developing countries spur regional economic integration, enhance competitiveness, and plug into regional production networks.

Based on a rich set of experiences regarding regional aid for trade projects and programmes, the study finds that regional aid for trade offers great potential as a catalyst for growth, development and poverty reduction. The study recommends greater emphasis on regional aid for trade as a means of improving regional economic integration and development prospects. While regional aid for trade faces many practical implementation challenges, experience has shown that associated problems are not insurmountable but do require thorough planning, careful project formulation, and prioritization on the part of policy makers.

The Mutual Review of Development Effectiveness is an exercise in mutual accountability undertaken jointly by ECA and the OECD following a request of NEPAD Heads of State and Government in 2003. Its purpose is to assess what has been done by Africa and its development partners to deliver commitments in relation to development in Africa, what results have been achieved, and what the key future priorities are. It complements the self-assessments produced by each side to the partnership, and is in line with the shift in emphasis from aid effectiveness to development effectiveness, and the emphasis on mutual accountability at Busan. NEPAD Heads of State and Government and AU/ECA Finance Ministers have reaffirmed the value of this exercise.

The 2014 report follows the same structure as previous reports, divided into 4 main ‘clusters’ of issues covering: sustainable economic growth, investing in people, good governance and financing for development.

This report examines the effects of recent economic growth in Viet Nam on social cohesion. It finds that recent rapid economic growth in Viet Nam has not resulted in an increase in overall inequality, but the level of inequality was already high. Growth was not particularly inclusive, benefiting most the middle class and the richest households, and favouring less households in the bottom 20th percentile. Income mobility was also high, and while a majority of households experienced upward income mobility, downward absolute income mobility affected one in five households. Economic growth was not particularly job rich with employment growth lagging behind economic expansion.

In particular, important challenges were identified in the area of education and skills policies relating to fast-changing labour market needs. Minimum wage policies had a small but positive effect on employment, but concerns were highlighted over partial coverage and weak compliance. Tax policy and specifically personal income tax had only a small impact on reducing inequality, but transfers from central to local governments produced an equalising effect, albeit with mixed results in terms of satisfaction with public services. Finally, social protection systems have been extended, but important coverage gaps remain among the poor and ethnic minority groups, and informality remains a key challenge for universal extension.

Women in Business 2014 summarises the progress made by the OECD-MENA Women Business Forum (WBF) since the publication of its first Women in Business report in 2012. In 2012, five groups of actions had been identified as priorities to be carried out by governments, international stakeholders, financial and business support organisations, as well as statistical agencies. In two years, the WBF has developed inputs for three of these areas of priority actions. The WBF’s contributions are growing along with its increased recognition as a hub which spurs concrete improvements in the business climate for women entrepreneurs in the MENA region.

Today, women’s entrepreneurship is all the more important as governments in the region are facing the colossal challenge of rebooting job creation to improve the well-being of a growing workforce and confidence in the economy. The economic prospects of MENA economies that are going through a political transition have improved but unemployment has increased, inflation is rising and public finances have deteriorated. In these countries, political uncertainties add to long term structural difficulties. In the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, the challenges still lie in the diversification of their economies.

This is an updated edition which includes new supplements on Tin, Tantalum and Tungsten and on Gold.

Trade and investment in natural mineral resources hold great potential for generating income, growth and prosperity, sustaining livelihoods and fostering local development. However, a large share of these resources is located in conflict-affected and high-risk areas. In these areas, exploitation of natural mineral resources is significant and may contribute, directly or indirectly, to armed conflict, gross human rights violations and hinder economic and social development. The OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas provides step-by-step management recommendations endorsed by governments for global responsible supply chains of minerals in order for companies to respect human rights and avoid contributing to conflict through their mineral or metal purchasing decisions and practices. The Due Diligence Guidance may be used by any company potentially sourcing minerals or metals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas, and is intended to cultivate transparent, conflict-free supply chains and sustainable corporate engagement in the minerals sector.

The Development Co-operation Report (DCR) is a yearly report by the Chair of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) that addresses important challenges for the international development community and provides practical guidance and recommendations on how to tackle them. Moreover, it reports the profiles and performance of DAC development co-operation providers and presents DAC statistics on official development assistance (ODA) and private resource flows.

The Development Co-operation Report 2014: Mobilising resources for sustainable development is the second in a trilogy (2013-15) focusing on “Global Development Co-operation Post-2015: Managing Interdependence”. The report provides an overview of the sources of finance available to developing countries and proposes recommendations on how to mobilise further resources. It also explores how to mobilise resources to finance the provision of global public goods: for example, to combat climate change, promote peace and security, and create a fair and equal trading system.