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Following the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, extraordinary efforts were undertaken in Japan to implement a compensation scheme for the proper and efficient indemnification of the affected victims. This publication provides English translations of key Japanese legislative and administrative texts and other implementing guidance, as well as several commentaries by Japanese experts in the field of third party nuclear liability.
The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) has prepared this publication in co-operation with the government of Japan to share Japan’s recent experience in implementing its nuclear liability and compensation regime. The material presented in the publication should provide valuable insights for those wishing to better understand the regime applied to compensate the victims of the accident and for those working on potential improvements in national regimes and the international framework for third party nuclear liability.
The Chemical Thermodynamics of Tin is based on a critical review of the thermodynamic properties of tin, its solid compounds and aqueous complexes, carried out as part of NEA Thermochemical Database Project Phase III (TDB III). The database system developed at the OECD/NEA Data Bank ensures consistency not only within the recommended data sets of tin, but also among all the data sets published in this series. This volume will be of particular interest to scientists carrying out performance assessments of deep geological disposal sites for radioactive waste.
Fuel transuranics (TRU) multi-recycling is a mandatory feature if both the resource sustainability and the waste minimisation objectives for future fuel cycles are to be pursued. The resulting TRU transmutation can be implemented in fast neutron spectrum reactors according to two main options commonly referred to as the homogeneous and heterogeneous modes. In this study, the two alternatives have been compared in terms of reactor core feasibility, fuel development and impact on the fuel cycle. The multi-criteria analysis indicates that there are major challenges in minor actinide-loaded fuel development, its experimental validation and possibly in its reprocessing. Both modes of recycling have an impact on the overall fuel cycle, even if at different stages, for example complex target fabrication and handling in the case of heterogeneous recycling and full core fuel fabrication in the case of homogeneous recycling. The study finds that an economic evaluation according to specific implementation scenarios should still be undertaken.
Materials research is a field of growing relevance for innovative nuclear systems, such as Generation IV reactors, critical and sub-critical transmutation systems and fusion devices. For these different systems, structural materials are selected or developed taking into account the pecificities of their foreseen operational environment. Since 2007, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) has begun organising a series of workshops on Structural Materials for Innovative Nuclear Systems (SMINS) in order to provide a forum to exchange information on current materials research programmes for different innovative nuclear systems. These proceedings include the papers of the second workshop (SMINS-2) which was held in Daejon, Republic of Korea on 31 August-3 September 2010, and hosted by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI).
Les impôts sur les salaires fournissent des données sans équivalent sur l’impôt sur le revenu dans les pays de l’OCDE. La publication traite de l’impôt sur le revenu et des cotisations de sécurité sociales versés par les salariés, des cotisations de sécurité sociale et des taxes sur les salaires versés par les employeurs et des prestations versées en espèce aux familles en emploi. Il s’agit d’illustrer comment ces taxes et prestations sont calculés dans chaque pays membre et d’examiner leurs impacts sur le revenu des ménages. Les résultats permettent aussi de faire des comparaisons internationales quantitatives des coûts de main-d’oeuvre et de la position globale vis-à-vis de l’impôt et des prestations des célibataires et des familles à différents niveaux de revenus.
La publication montre cette information pour huit types de ménages représentatifs dont la composition et le niveau du salaire diffèrent. Les résultats mettent aussi en évidence la pression fiscale moyenne et marginale qui s’exerce sur les ménages disposant d’un ou de deux salaires, ainsi que les coûts de main-d’oeuvre pour les employeurs. Les données sont largement utilisées pour la recherche universitaire, comme pour la préparation et l’évaluation des politiques économiques et sociales.
L'édition de cette année inclut une étude spéciale intitulée « Évolution des barèmes de l’impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques et des cotisations salariales de sécurité sociale ».
Les "informations détaillés par pays" ainsi que les "Méthodes et limites de l'étude" sont disponibles en anglais seulement.
This publication contains statistics on fisheries and aquaculture in OECD countries from 2003 to 2010. Information is provided on government financial transfers, total allowable catches, landings, employment, fleet capacity and aquaculture production.
Analytical work by the OECD on fisheries is carried out by the Committee for Fisheries and covers a wide range of issues related to management, resource conservation, trade and sustainable development.
À partir des dernières informations et indicateurs disponibles, cet ouvrage examine les principales tendances politiques et les performances des pays de l’OCDE et de grandes économies émergentes, dans un certain nombre de domaines liés à la science et à l’innovation. Dans l’édition 2012, les profils politiques et les profils pays mettent en évidence la contribution attendue de la science, de la technologie et de l’innovation à une reprise saine et durable après la crise économique.
Les inégalités entre hommes et femmes se retrouvent dans tous les domaines de la vie économique et représentent une importante perte de richesse potentielle en termes de productivité et de niveau de vie, pour les intéressées elles-mêmes et pour l’ensemble de l’économie. Ce nouveau rapport de l’OCDE examine comment réduire au mieux les inégalités entre les sexes selon quatre axes : 1) les normes sociales et les politiques publiques ; 2) l’éducation ; 3) l’emploi ; et 4) l’entrepreneuriat.
Les messages clés sont les suivants :
• une plus grande égalité entre garçons et filles en ce qui concerne le niveau de formation atteint a un effet positif fort sur la croissance économique ;
• il faut lutter contre les stéréotypes dans le choix des études à l’école dès le plus jeune âge. Par exemple, il faudrait adapter les stratégies et le matériel pédagogique pour davantage inciter les garçons à lire et les filles à choisir les mathématiques et les sciences ; il faudrait encourager un plus grand nombre de jeunes filles à suivre des études dans les domaines scientifiques, de l’ingénierie et des mathématiques, au niveau des études supérieures, et à rechercher un emploi dans ces domaines ;
• des modes de garde d’enfant de qualité et d’un coût abordable sont un facteur clé pour faire progresser l’égalité entre hommes et femmes en matière d’emploi. Mais il faut aussi que les choses changent à la maison car ce sont les femmes, dans de nombreux pays, qui assument l’essentiel des tâches ménagères et des soins aux proches. Les politiques publiques peuvent favoriser ces évolutions, par exemple par des dispositifs en matière de congé parental qui incluent expressément les pères ;
• les mesures destinées à soutenir l’entrepreneuriat au féminin doivent viser toutes les entreprises existantes et pas seulement les entreprises en création et les petites entreprises. Il faut garantir l’égalité d’accès aux financements aux entrepreneurs hommes et aux entrepreneurs femmes.
Refurbishment and long-term operation (LTO) of existing nuclear power plants (NPPs) today are crucial to the competitiveness of the nuclear industry in OECD countries as existing nuclear power plants produce baseload power at a reliable cost. A number of nuclear power plants, most notably 73 units in the United States (up to 2012), have been granted lifetime extensions of up to 60 years, a development that is being keenly watched in other OECD countries. In many of these (e.g. France, Switzerland), there is no legal end to the operating licence, but continued operation is based on the outcomes of periodic safety reviews.
This study analyses technical and economic data on the upgrade and lifetime extension experience in OECD countries. A multi-criteria assessment methodology is used considering various factors and parameters reflecting current and future financial conditions of operation, political and regulatory risks, the state of the plants’ equipment and the general role of nuclear power in the country’s energy policy.
The report shows that long-term operation of nuclear power plants has significant economic advantages for most utilities envisaging LTO programmes. In most cases, the continued operation of NPPs for at least ten more years is profitable even taking into account the additional costs of post-Fukushima modifications, and remains cost-effective compared to alternative replacement sources.
This document presents an overview of recent trends in productivity level and growth in OECD countries, based on a large set of indicators. It also highlights the measurement issues involved in compiling indicators used for the analysis of issues related to productivity.
Todos los gobiernos de la OCDE desean brindar a los padres y las madres más opciones respecto a sus decisiones laborales y familiares. Esta obra explora las diferentes maneras en que los gobiernos apoyan a las familias. Busca responder a interrogantes como: ¿está aumentando el gasto en beneficios para las familias, y cómo cambia según la edad de los niños? ¿La crisis afectó el apoyo público a las familias? ¿Cuál es la mejor manera de asesorar a los adultos para que tengan el número de hijos que desean? ¿Cuáles son los efectos de los programas de licencia por paternidad/maternidad en la oferta de mano de obra de mujeres y en el bienestar de los niños? ¿Son los costos de cuidado infantil un obstáculo para que los padres o las madres trabajen, y pueden ayudar opciones flexibles de los lugares de trabajo? ¿Cuál es el mejor periodo para que las madres regresen a laborar tras haber dado a luz? ¿Cuáles son las mejores políticas para reducir la pobreza entre los padres o las madres solteros?
Les Perspectives économiques de l’OCDE, publication semestrielle, présente une analyse des grandes tendances économiques qui marqueront les deux années à venir. Les Perspectives économiques présentent un ensemble cohérent de projections concernant la production, l’emploi, les prix et balances des opérations courantes et budgétaires.
Tous les pays membres de l'OCDE sont examinés ainsi que certains pays non membres. Cet édition comporte une évaluation générale, des chapitres résumant les tendances économiques et fournissant des projections par pays et, enfin une annexe statistique.
Smernice OECD za dolo čanje transfernih cen za mednarodna podjetja in dav čne uprave prinašajo smernice za uporabo “neodvisnega tržnega načela”, ki je mednarodni konsenz za dolo čanje transfernih cen, to pomeni, za vrednotenje č ezmejnih transakcij med povezanimi podjetji za davčne namene. V globalnem gospodarstvu, v katerem igrajo pomembno vlogo mednarodna podjetja, je tematika transfernih cen visoko na dnevnem redu tako dav čnih uprav kot dav čnih zavezancev. Države morajo zagotoviti, da se obdavčljivi dobički mednarodnih podjetij ne umetno preselijo iz obmo čij, ki sodijo pod njihovo pristojnost, in da dav čna osnova, ki jo v svojih državah izkažejo mednarodna podjetja, odraža gospodarske aktivnosti, ki so jih v državi opravila. Za dav čne zavezance je bistveno, da se omeji tveganje dvojne obdav čitve, ki je lahko posledica spora med dvema državama glede dolo čitve plačila po neodvisnem tržnem na čelu za njihove čezmejne transakcije med povezanimi podjetji. Svet OECD je leta 1995 odobril izvirno razli čico Smernic OECD za določanje transfernih cen. Omejena posodobljena različica je bila pripravljena leta 2009, predvsem zato, da bi zajela posodobitev Vzor čne davčne konvencije iz leta 2008, novega petega odstavka 25. člena, ki obravnava arbitražo, in spremembe Komentarja k 25. členu o postopkih skupnega dogovora za reševanje čezmejnih davčnih sporov. V izdaji iz leta 2010 je prišlo do pomembnih sprememb v I., II. in III. poglavju, zagotovljene so bile nove smernice za izbiro najprimernejše metode za dolo čanje transfernih cen glede na okoliš čine primera, praktično uporabo metod transakcijskega dobička (metoda stopnje čistega dobička in metoda porazdelitve dobička) in za izvajanje primerjalne analize oz. analize primerljivosti. Poleg tega je bil dodano novo IX. poglavje o vidikih transfernih cen pri preoblikovanju poslovanja. V preostalem delu Smernic OECD za določanje transfernih cen so bile narejene spremembe, ki jih je narekovala uskladitev gradiva.
The Medium-Term Coal Market Report-2012 provides IEA forecasts on coal markets for the coming five years as well as an in-depth analysis of recent developments in global coal demand, supply and trade. The annual report shows that while coal continues to be a growing source of primary energy worldwide, its future is increasingly linked to non-OECD countries, particularly China and India, and to the rise of natural gas.
The international coal market is experiencing dynamic changes. In 2011, China alone accounted for more than three-quarters of incremental coal production, while domestic consumption was more than three times that of global trade. Low gas prices associated with the shale gas revolution caused a marked decrease in coal use in the United States, the world’s second-largest consumer. This led US thermal coal producers to seek other markets, which resulted in an oversupply of coal in Europe and a significant gas-to-coal switch. Meanwhile, China overtook Japan as the largest importer of coal, and Indonesia overtook Australia as the world’s largest exporter on a tonnage basis.
The report examines the pronounced role the Chinese and Indian economies will exert on the international coal trade through 2017. In the report’s Base Case Scenario, China accounts for over half of global consumption from 2014, and India surpasses the United States as the world’s second-largest consumer of coal in 2017. The report also offers a Chinese Slowdown Case, a hypothetical scenario which shows that even if Chinese GDP growth slowed to 4.6% average over the period, the country’s coal consumption would continue to grow.
An important activity of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) in the field of radioactive waste management is the organisation of independent, international peer reviews of national studies and projects. This report provides an international peer review of the long-term safety strategy and assessment being developed by the Belgian Agency for Radioactive Waste and Enriched Fissile Materials, ONDRAF/NIRAS, as part of the licence application for the construction and operation of a surface disposal facility for short-lived, low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste in the municipality of Dessel, Belgium. The review was carried out by an International Review Team comprised of seven international specialists, all of whom were free of conflict of interest and chosen to bring complementary expertise to the review. To be accessible to both specialist and non-specialist readers, the review findings are provided at several levels of detail.
The reliable supply of molybdenum-99 (99Mo) and its decay product, technetium-99m (99mTc), is a vital component of modern medical diagnostic practices. At present, most of the global production of 99Mo is from highly enriched uranium (HEU) targets. However, all major 99Mo-producing countries have recently agreed to convernt to using low-enriched uranium targetts for the production of 99Mo. This report describes the market impact of this conversion both in terms of costs, available capacity as well as the policy actions that are needed.
While enrolment in tertiary education has increased dramatically over the past decades, many university-aged students do not enrol, nor do they expect to earn a university degree. While it is important to promote high expectations for further education, it is equally important to ensure that students’ expectations are well-aligned with their actual abilities. Grade Expectations: How Marks and Education Policies Shape Students' Ambitions reveals some of the factors that influence students’ thinking about further education. The report also suggests what teachers and education policy makers can do to ensure that more students have the skills, as well as the motivation, to succeed in higher education.
In 2009, students in 21 PISA-participating countries and economies were asked about their expected educational attainment. An analysis of PISA data finds that students who expect to earn a university degree show significantly better performance in math and reading when compared to students who do not expect to earn such a university degree. However, performance is only one of the factors that determine expectations. On average across most countries and economies, girls and socio-economically advantaged students tend to hold more ambitious expectations than boys and disadvantaged students who perform just as well; and students with higher school marks are more likely to expect to earn a university degree – regardless of what those marks really measure.