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The 2005 edition of Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators provides a rich, comparable and up-to-date array of indicators on the performance of education systems. In doing so, it represents the consensus of professional thinking on how to measure the current state of education internationally.
The indicators look at who participates in education, what is spent on it and how education systems operate, and at the results achieved. The latter includes indicators on a wide range of outcomes ranging from comparisons of student performance in key subject areas to the impact of education on earnings and adults’ chances of employment.
New material in this edition includes:
- Results of the 2003 survey of OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA),
- Data on the distribution of earnings for individuals with different educational levels as well as first evidence of non-economic outcomes of education,
- Comparisons of the participation of labour force members in continuing education and training,
- An analysis of student learning time out of school,
- A comparison between the performance of public and private schools, and
- Data on the policies and practices secondary school systems employ to differentiate among students and the impact of these on outcomes.
ExcelTM spreadsheets used to create the tables and charts in this book are available via the StatLinks printed in this book. You can also find the complete OECD Education Database, from which Education at a Glance 2005 was drawn, available via the OECD iLibrary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/edu-data-en.
Ces fiches d'information présentent les programmes de gestion des déchets radioactifs dans 20 pays membres de l'OCDE/AEN. Elles incluent des informations sur la provenance, les types et les quantités de déchets, ainsi que sur la façon dont ceux-ci sont gérés. Des références pour obtenir des informations complémentaires sont également données pour chaque pays.
This publication unites all of the OECD documents related to Good Laboratory Practice and compliance monitoring, and, in the Annex, reproduces the three OECD Council Decisions related to the Mutual Acceptance of Data in the Assessment of Chemicals. It includes the international standards for quality of non-clinical environmental, health and safety data on chemicals and chemical products in a regulatory context—the OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice—and supporting Consensus and Advisory Documents on their interpretation and application. The OECD guidance documents for governments on monitoring compliance with the Good Laboratory Practice Principles are also included. This publication thus presents the state of the art on Good Laboratory Practice and compliance monitoring.
Presents the OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises as well as a comparative overview of main practices and issues related to corporate governance of state-owned enterprises in the OECD area. The analytical part of the report examines the scale of these enterprises in OECD countries, organisation of the ownership function, relationships with non-state shareholders, the role of stakeholders in corporate governance, transparency and disclosure, and the board of directors. Tables in the annex compare legal status, transparency and disclosure, and board composition and functions, and CEO appointment and remuneration policies of state-owned enterprises across countries.
Le Manuel d'Oslo est la principale source internationale de principes directeurs en matière de collecte et d'utilisation d'informations sur les activités d'innovation dans l'industrie. Cette troisième édition tient compte des progrès réalisés dans la compréhension du processus de l' l'innovation, de l'expérience acquise lors de la précédente série de recherche sur l'innovation. Elle prend également compte de l'ouverture du champ d'investigation vers d'autres secteurs de l'industrie et des dernières révisions de classification des normes internationales.
The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are recommendations for international business conduct in such areas as labour, environment, consumer protection and the fight against corruption. The recommendations are made by the adhering governments and, although they are not binding, governments are committed to promoting their observance.
This book provides the complete text of the Guidelines along with an account of what the 38 adhering governments have been doing to enhance the contribution of the Guidelines to the improved functioning of the global economy. The 2005 edition also provides an overview of corporate responsibility in the developing world.
In der vorliegenden Ausgabe 2005 der regelmäßig erscheinenden OECD-Prüfberichte über die Wirtschaft des Euroraums werden systematisch die wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungen untersucht und Politikempfehlungen ausgesprochen. Zentrales Thema dieser Ausgabe sind Wachstumsergebnisse und Schockresistenz. Im ersten Kapitel wird ein Überblick über Entwicklungstrends und Herausforderungen gegeben, während sich das zweite Kapitel mit Geldpolitik und Wechselkursen befasst. Das dritte Kapitel ist fiskalischen Fragen gewidmet. Im vierten Kapitel schließlich werden Mittel und Wege zur Ankurbelung des Wachstums untersucht, wie namentlich besser funkionierende Arbeitsmärkte, Integration der Dienstleistungsmärkte, Innovationsförderung und Strukturreformen.
This volume contains a broad analysis of recent developments in energy policies and markets in the 26 member countries of the International Energy Agency.
The Overview Part focuses on recent development in energy markets and energy policies. It examines trends, including an analysis of energy demand, supply, prices and energy-related CO2 emissions. It highlights key policy trends across member countries on energy security, energy market reform, climate change mitigation, energy efficiency, renewable energies and energy R&D. Notable developments in major non-member countries, including major findings of World Energy Outlook 2005 – Middle East and North Africa Insights - are also presented.
The years 2004-2005 can be characterized by important energy policy challenges, including high energy prices, volatile energy markets, an activation of the IEA’s coordinated stock draw after Hurricane Katrina and coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol. The 2005 edition contains a chapter on “2005 IEA Ministerial Meeting and G8 Gleneagles Summit”, where energy security, climate change and clean energy future were intensively addressed. The new chapter “Cross-Country Overview – Good Practices”, for the first time, presents good practices in addressing common energy policy challenges from the in-depth reviews carried out over the past four years, covering all 26 countries.
This book contains summaries of the reviews of Australia, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain and Turkey conducted from October 2004 to June 2005. Shorter standard reviews are also covering six other member countries: Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan and Switzerland. Key statistical information is also included.
L'ouvrage, Pourquoi la pêche pirate perdure: Les ressorts économiques de la pêche illégale, non déclarée et non réglementée jette un jour nouveau sur les aspects économiques, environnementaux et sociaux de la pêche pirate, sans oublier d’identifier les forces qui animent cette activité. Ce rapport s’appuie sur les conclusions d’un séminaire qui a réuni quelque 120 experts et sur des documents d’analyse rédigés spécifiquement dans le cadre de cette étude. Il présente donc les informations les plus fiables et les plus complètes à ce jour pour évaluer les mesures déjà mises en oeuvre et proposer de nouvelles solutions.
Par-delà sa fonction première qui est de fournir des aliments et des fibres, l’agriculture peut également produire des services environnementaux ou générer des effets négatifs tels que la pollution. Les seules forces du marché ne suffisent pas à assurer que le niveau des externalités positives et négatives de l’agriculture demeure acceptable pour la société. Les interventions des pouvoirs publics peuvent cependant aussi s’avérer problématiques en menant à des politiques coûteuses et inefficaces. Ce rapport donne des éclairages sur le potentiel des solutions non gouvernementales, telles que le développement des mécanismes de marché et la promotion des transactions privées et des approches volontaires, à constituer de meilleures réponses alternatives dans certains cas.
Une classification a été établie et quatorze cas particuliers examinés illustrant un large spectre de situations dans un grand nombre de pays de l’OCDE. Les exemples traités vont de l’utilisation de primes au prix du marché, à des fonds environnementaux, des facilités de crédits ou des crédits ou contingents échangeables. Ils couvrent les externalités positives comme négatives. Certains des exemples considérés illustrent des approches innovantes ou nouvelles, jamais tentées auparavant tandis que d’autres ont une longue histoire derrière elles. Le rapport fait la synthèse des résultats des études de cas, en se concentrant sur les implications pour le rôle des pouvoirs publics et en évaluant l’efficacité relative, l’équité et la stabilité des approches décrites en comparaison d’une intervention directe des pouvoirs publics.
Electricity market reform has fundamentally changed the environment for maintaining reliable and secure power supplies, creating a more integrated and dynamic network environment with new real-time challenges for reliable and secure transmission system operation. But despite these fundamental changes, system operating rules and practices remain largely unchanged. The major blackouts of 2003 and 2004 raised important questions about the appropriateness of these arrangements. This publication presents case studies drawn from recent large-scale blackouts in Europe, North America, and Australia. It concludes that a comprehensive, integrated policy response is required to avoid preventable large-scale blackouts in the future.
This book assesses experience in reforming electricity markets in OECD countries over the past decade, focusing on the issues that are critical for successful liberalisation. Experiences and examples in the study are drawn mainly from the UK, Australian, Nordic and North Eastern United States (the PJM interconnection) markets, which have all operated with considerable success for a number of years. The issues covered in the study are: the rationale and benefits of liberalisation; the governance required to create effective competition; the role of prices and transparent wholesale markets; consumer protection; incentives for investment, and impact of addressing security of supply and environmental policy.
National Accounts of OECD Countries: General Government Accounts is an annual publication, dedicated to government finance which is based on the System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 1993). It includes tables showing government aggregates and balances for the production, income and financial accounts as well as detailed tax and social contribution receipts and a breakdown of expenditure of general government by function, according to the harmonised international classification, COFOG. These detailed accounts are available for the general government sector. Data also cover the following sub-sectors, according to availability: central government, state government, local government and social security funds. The publication covers 29 of the 30 OECD countries (all except Mexico). Data are expressed in national currencies and cover the period from 1993 to 2004.
Covers financial balance sheets of OECD countries and includes financial stocks (both financial assets and liabilities), by institutional sector (non-financial corporations, financial corporations, general government, households and non-profit institutions serving households, total economy and rest of the world) and by financial instrument. Data are shown for 21 OECD countries for the period from 1993 to 2004 when possible.
Covers financial accounts of OECD countries and includes financial transactions (both net acquisition of financial assets and net incurrence of liabilities), by institutional sector (non-financial corporations, financial corporations, general government, households and non-profit institutions serving households, total economy and rest of the world) and by financial operation. Data are shown for 23 OECD countries for the period from 1993 to 2004, when possible.
Beyond its primary function of supplying food and fibre, agricultural activity can produce environmental services, or have negative effects such as creating pollution. Market forces alone are not able to ensure that the level of these positive and negative externalities of agriculture is acceptable to society. But government interventions can also be problematic, leading to costly and inefficient policies. This report sheds light on the potential of non-government solutions such as the development of market mechanisms, and the promotion of private transactions and voluntary approaches to provide the best alternative in some situations.
A typology has been developed and fourteen specific cases are examined, illustrating a wide diversity of situations in a range of OECD countries. The examples analysed range from the use of market price premiums to environmental trusts, easements, and tradable credits or quotas, and cover both positive and negative externalities. Some of the examples identified relate to new and innovative approaches never tried before, while others have a relatively long history of operation. This report synthesises the findings of the case studies, focusing on the implications for government’s role, and assessing the relative efficiency, equity and stability of the approaches described compared to direct government intervention.
Cette Table ronde réexamine l’abondante documentation dont on dispose sur la détermination de la valeur du temps de déplacement des voyageurs. Elle se penche sur le domaine encore peu étudié que constitue l’augmentation du temps des transports de marchandises dans le contexte de la mondialisation.
Les urbanistes, en particulier, craignent que l’attribution d’une valeur excessive au temps de transport des voyageurs n’entraîne un surinvestissement dans les infrastructures urbaines qui stimulerait le développement d’un habitat urbain de faible densité et l’étalement des villes. Les mesures des politiques des transports qui favorisent la vitesse et la fiabilité du transport de marchandises n’ont pas seulement pour effet de réduire ses coûts directs, mais elles ont également de fortes répercussions sur les politiques de stockage, la logistique, voire sur les choix d’implantation des entreprises. Comme le révèlent des études empiriques récentes, l’évolution des temps de transport international, ainsi que le raccourcissement des cycles des produits et de la mode, ont une influence sur la structure de l’investissement direct étranger et les courants d’échanges internationaux. La prise de décisions rationnelles dans le domaine de la politique des transports doit tenir compte de ces effets indirects.
Public procurement – the purchase of goods and services by governments and state-owned enterprises – accounts for about 15 per cent of GDP in OECD countries and is highly exposed to corruption. Both public and private actors in the procurement process may be tempted to divert goods and services or public funds for their personal use.
To identify “weak links” in the public procurement process where the risk of corruption is high, to explore the best ways of improving transparency and accountability and to identify effective actions to prevent, detect and sanction corruption in this field, the OECD organised a Global Forum on Governance event on “Fighting Corruption and Promoting Integrity in Public Procurement”, hosted by the French Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry in Paris in November 2004.
This publication captures the main points of the Global Forum discussions and presents expert analysis of the main issues and case studies from the varied experiences of countries and specialised bodies, mainly in Europe, Asia and Latin America, that contributed to the event.
Ce rapport accorde une attention particulière aux conséquences des politiques et de leur réforme dans la zone OCDE, bien que les répercussions sur les autres économies soient également étudiées. Il offre une vision économique du fonctionnement complexe des mesures relatives au secteur laitier et propose un débat sur le potentiel de ce secteur, tant au niveau mondial que national, au fur et à mesure que chaque pays doit s’adapter à la libéralisation des conditions commerciales.