Without better fisheries management, overfishing and ecosystem damage is likely to lead to significantly reduced incomes or even the collapse of a number of fisheries in the coming decades. There will be severe consequences for local populations dependent on these resources for food and economic development. This chapter reviews the environmental pressures both from and on fisheries and aquaculture and projects the global trends in production and consumption. Looking to 2030, it will be important for governments to address gaps in the institutional and legislative framework for managing the environmental impacts of fisheries and aquaculture, and to strengthen implementation of the existing agreements. At the same time, environmental degradation driven by activities in other sectors is also affecting the economic viability of fisheries. Policies are needed to tackle pollution from land based sources and shipping, to reduce or halt the introduction of invasive alien species, and to help fishing communities adjust to the impacts of global climate change.