Mark
Foreword While efficient ports are vital to the economic development of a large surrounding area, the related ship traffic, the handling of the goods in the ports and the hinterland distribution can cause a number of negative environmental impacts.
Acknowledgements
List of Acronyms
Executive Summary This book discusses the drivers of port activities, reviews examples of the environmental impacts of port, and discusses the environmental and economic impacts of various policy instruments that are or can be applied to address these impacts. It draws in particular on findings from case studies of five of the largest ports in OECD countries, Los Angeles and Long Beach in United States, Rotterdam in the Netherlands, Vancouver in Canada and Busan in Korea, in addition to more ad hoc information regarding other ports.
Introduction, Background and Concluding Remarks This chapter provides some context for the subsequent chapters. Activity levels in the world’s largest ports are compared, and the main negative externalities related to near-port shipping, the handling of goods in the ports and the transport to and from the ports’ hinterlands are outlined. Some main conclusions of the project are also drawn.
Description of the Case Study Ports This chapter provides a description of the five ports that have been studied in particular in this project, namely Los Angeles and Long Beach in United States, Rotterdam in the Netherlands, Vancouver in Canada and Busan in Korea. Information is given on the location and activity of each port, their institutional contexts, and on their environmental situation. Attention is in particular given to their situations regarding air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution and noise.
Exhaust Emissions This chapter discusses exhaust emissions related to port activities – from near-port shipping and from the handling of the goods in the ports. Emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are covered, and – in addition to examples of measures taken elsewhere in the world to limit such emissions – an in-depth discussion of measures to limit such emissions that are applied in the case study ports is provided. These include restrictions on the fuels ships may use, requirements regarding the use of after-treatment technologies, limits on emissions from goods-handling equipment and provision of shore-side electricity. The chapter covers measures applied by the port authorities themselves, and measures taken by national, provisional or local political authorities.
Energy Use and Emissions of Greenhouse Gases This chapter describes energy use and greenhouse gas emissions related to port activities in a broad sense and discusses policy instruments applied to limit them, in the case study ports and elsewhere. The instruments range from many of those that (also) are applied to limit exhaust emissions (cf. Chapter 3), to several more specifically addressing GHG emissions, such as preparations made for carbon capture and storage. The chapter covers measures applied by the port authorities themselves, and measures taken by national, provisional or local political authorities.
Other Environmental Problems Related to the Port Activities This chapter discusses a number of different environmental problems related to port activities – such as noise; water pollution stemming from ballast water handling, oil spills and antifouling of the ships; waste; hazardous cargos; etc. – and highlights a number of different policy instruments applied, in the case study ports and elsewhere, to limit the problems. The chapter covers measures applied by the port authorities themselves, and measures taken by national, provisional or local political authorities.
Land Use, Hinterland Distribution and Feeder Traffic This chapter addresses land use and the transport of goods to and from the hinterland of the ports, and highlights policy instruments that can be used to limit negative environmental impacts in this regard. The chapter covers measures applied by the port authorities themselves, and measures taken by national, provisional or local political authorities.
Other Port-related Environmental Issues This chapter addresses a few other port-related environmental issues, such as systems for environmental permits, port-induced incentives to clean shipping, the use of port-state authority to promote higher environmental standards, and unilateral environmental demands on voluntary port calls. The chapter covers measures applied by the port authorities themselves, and measures taken by national, provisional or local political authorities.
References
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