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This volume contains a broad analysis of recent developments in energy policies and markets in the 26 member countries of the International Energy Agency.
The Overview Part focuses on recent development in energy markets and energy policies. It examines trends, including an analysis of energy demand, supply, prices and energy-related CO2 emissions. It highlights key policy trends across member countries on energy security, energy market reform, climate change mitigation, energy efficiency, renewable energies and energy R&D. Notable developments in major non-member countries, including major findings of World Energy Outlook 2005 – Middle East and North Africa Insights - are also presented.
The years 2004-2005 can be characterized by important energy policy challenges, including high energy prices, volatile energy markets, an activation of the IEA’s coordinated stock draw after Hurricane Katrina and coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol. The 2005 edition contains a chapter on “2005 IEA Ministerial Meeting and G8 Gleneagles Summit”, where energy security, climate change and clean energy future were intensively addressed. The new chapter “Cross-Country Overview – Good Practices”, for the first time, presents good practices in addressing common energy policy challenges from the in-depth reviews carried out over the past four years, covering all 26 countries.
This book contains summaries of the reviews of Australia, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain and Turkey conducted from October 2004 to June 2005. Shorter standard reviews are also covering six other member countries: Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan and Switzerland. Key statistical information is also included.
Electricity market reform has fundamentally changed the environment for maintaining reliable and secure power supplies, creating a more integrated and dynamic network environment with new real-time challenges for reliable and secure transmission system operation. But despite these fundamental changes, system operating rules and practices remain largely unchanged. The major blackouts of 2003 and 2004 raised important questions about the appropriateness of these arrangements. This publication presents case studies drawn from recent large-scale blackouts in Europe, North America, and Australia. It concludes that a comprehensive, integrated policy response is required to avoid preventable large-scale blackouts in the future.
This book assesses experience in reforming electricity markets in OECD countries over the past decade, focusing on the issues that are critical for successful liberalisation. Experiences and examples in the study are drawn mainly from the UK, Australian, Nordic and North Eastern United States (the PJM interconnection) markets, which have all operated with considerable success for a number of years. The issues covered in the study are: the rationale and benefits of liberalisation; the governance required to create effective competition; the role of prices and transparent wholesale markets; consumer protection; incentives for investment, and impact of addressing security of supply and environmental policy.
This book presents the International Energy Agency's authoritative data on CO2 emissions from fuel combustion for more than 140 countries for the period 1971-2003. For each country, breakdowns are provided by sector and by fuel. For comparison, an annex extends coverage to greenhouse gas emissions generally. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emissions factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
This International Energy Agency review of Norway's energy policies and programmes examines recent developments related to each type of energy as well as environmental and market issues.
Energy policy in Norway continues to be the object of considerable domestic and international political attention. The development of its petroleum resources contributes significantly to Europe’s security of supply. Norway enjoys extensive access to hydro power and its pioneer role in the liberalised Nordic electricity market is commendable. However, Norway is now facing important challenges. Energy consumption growth is outpacing onshore energy production, and CO2 emissions are rising. Better understanding by the general public is essential to overcome these challenges.
Meeting its Kyoto target without compromising security of supply is Norway’s biggest energy policy challenge. We recommend a comprehensive public debate covering all the tools of climate change policy, including intensive use of Kyoto mechanisms. Norway expects a significant contribution from Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), but the technological and economic realities of CCS need to be considered in the public debate and decision making.
The Norwegian petroleum industry is close to reaching peak of production. The government’s transparent and forward-looking way of addressing this is commendable. It has taken action to increase exploration and to open industrial opportunities further. The partial privatisation of Statoil is an important progress since the last review. Norwegian management of petroleum resources is an example of “best practice” in the management of valuable natural resources in a small economy.
Low rainfall in 2002-03 highlighted the importance of trade and domestic investment in generating capacity to secure reliable electricity services. The planned transmission link between Norway and the Netherlands is therefore important. Increasing domestic access to gas can also make a significant contribution to security of supply in electricity, as it contributes to the diversification of generation sources. Congestion has become a regular feature in the Nordic electricity market, and more integrated regulatory planning and the development of transmission capacity should be addressed in concert with other Nordic countries.
Climate policy raises a number of challenges for the energy sector, the most significant being the transition from a high to a low-CO2 energy path in a few decades. Act Locally, Trade Globally seeks to provide a complete picture of the future role of emissions trading in climate policy and the energy sector. It offers an overview of existing trading systems, their mechanisms, and looks into the future of the instrument for limiting greenhouse gas emissions.
Energy security, economic prosperity and environmental protection are prominent challenges for all countries. The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier and fuel cells as motive devices in transportation and energy distribution systems are possible solutions. This book provides the reader with an authoritative and objective analysis of policy responses and hurdles and business opportunities. Information regarding the latest RD&D, policy initiatives and private sector plans are assessed from the perspective of the rapidly changing global energy system in the next half century.
This book provides:
• The reality of the technology status-quo;
• A hard look at hydrogen and fuel cells benefits in comparison to other options;
• An incisive analysis of the main barriers for a hydrogen and fuel cell transition;
• Four scenarios for a hydrogen and fuel cells transition;
• Guidance for far-reaching decision making under uncertainty.
Prospects for hydrogen and fuel cells offers the facts, figures and strategic thinking that is needed for true solutions to the world’s energy problems.
The International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2005 answers these challenging questions. In addition to providing updated projections of world energy demand and supply to 2030, it analyses in detail prospects for:
• The Middle East and North Africa’s domestic demand for oil, gas and electricity, including for water desalination.
• The region’s oil and gas resources, plans and potential for production and how much investment will be required.
• Energy-sector developments in Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
• What would happen if upstream oil investment is delayed.
• What would happen if consuming countries, driven by security concerns, persistent high prices or environmental policies, act to curb demand and develop alternatives.
The producing countries in the Middle East and North Africa can count on growing demand for their oil and gas. Are energy importing countries’ expectations of them realistic?
This International Energy Agency review of energy policies and programmes systematically examines Spain's general energy policy including energy policy as it relates to the environment, energy demand, and energy end-use efficiency as well as energy policy concerning oil, coal, natural gas, renewables, electricity, and nuclear power. It also reviews research and development activities and presents key statistics. It finds that meeting its Kyoto target will be a major challenge for Spain, and makes a series of recommendations on that and other issues including gas storage and electricity interconnections.
According to IEA projections, oil demand is expected to grow by more than 50% between 2002 and 2030, while gas demand will almost double. But where will all this oil and gas come from? There is no shortage of hydrocarbons in the ground, but quenching the world’s thirst for hydrocarbons will require tremendous technological progress to increase recovery in known reservoirs, access new reservoirs in deep offshore or remote regions, and kick start the use of “non-conventional” deposits. Technology will be the key to tapping those more difficult resources at costs that do not impair the world’s economic growth. Based on extensive inputs from industry experts, this book presents the main challenges and some of the technologies that are being investigated to address them. It also estimates of future costs of producing the various types of resources.
This is the International Energy Agency's 2005 review of the Czech Republic's energy policies and programmes. It systematically examines general energy policy, energy and the environment, and energy demand and end-use efficiency. It examines developments and prospects for each of the major sources of energy including oil, coal, natural gas, and renewables as well as for electricity, nuclear power, and co-generation. It also reviews developments in energy RD&D. Key recommendations include pursuing greater energy efficiency and emissions reductions and reinforcing the strength and independence of energy regulation.
Print copies of this report are freely available, on request, from IEA.
A detailed reference work on gas supply and demand covering not only the OECD countries but also the rest of the world. This publication contains essential information on LNG and pipeline trade, gas reserves, storage capacity and prices. The main part of the book concentrates on OECD countries, showing a detailed supply and demand balance for each country and for the three OECD regions: North America, Europe and Pacific, as well as a breakdown of gas consumption by end-user. Import and export data are reported by source and destination.
A comprehensive reference book on current developments in oil supply and demand. This book contains key data on world production, trade, prices and consumption of major oil product groups, with time series back to the early 1970s, as well a detailed picture of oil supply, demand, trade, production and consumption by end-user for each OECD country individually and for the OECD regions. Trade data are reported extensively by origin and destination.
This volume contains comprehensive information on electricity and heat production for OECD and non-OECD countries. Part I provides cross-country summary tables showing production, installed capacity, consumption, electricity trade, and prices for electricity and input fuels. Part II contains more detailed tables for each of the 30 OECD countries and regions showing energy consumption, economic and population growth, electricity production and consumption, heat production, electricity imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption and prices for electricity and electricity input fuels.
This volume is a reference book on current trends in the world coal market. Part I contains an analysis of the 2004 international coal market using IEA statistics that cover prices, demand, trade, supply and production. Part II contains country-specific statistics on coal in 30 OECD member countries and 8 OECD and IEA regional aggregates. Part III contains statistics on coal markets in key non-OECD coal producing and consuming countries.
This International Energy Agency review of energy policies and programmes systematically examines Australia's general energy policy including energy policy as it relates to the environment, energy demand, and energy end-use efficiency as well as energy policy concerning oil, coal, natural gas, renewables, electricity, and nuclear power. It also reviews research and development activities and presents key statistics. It finds that environmental sustainability is Australia's greatest energy challenge, and it makes a series of recommendations on that and other issues.
This volume contains data on energy supply and consumption in original units for coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste for over 100 Non-OECD countries. Historical tables summarise data on production, trade and final consumption. The book includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data.
A comprehensive book of data on the use of renewables and waste. The first part of the publication features an statistical overview for 2003 of renewable and waste energy in OECD and non-OECD countries. The second part provides moredetailed statistical tables for eight regional aggregates and for each of the thirty OECD countries, including preliminary data for 2004. The book also includes principles and definitions, and includes general notes, notes on energy sources, country notes, notes on geographical coverage, as well as conversion tables.