Browse by: "D"
Index
Title Index
Year Index
This review introduces the background to and issues at stake in promoting equal partnerships in families in Germany. It encourages German policy makers to build on the important reforms since the mid-2000s to enable both fathers and mothers to have careers and children, and urges families to “dare to share”. To those ends it places Germany’s experience in an international comparison, and draws from the experience in, for example, France and the Nordic countries which have longstanding policies to support work-life balance and strengthen gender equality. The review starts with an overview chapter also explaining why and how equal sharing pays for families, children, the economy and society as a whole. The book presents current outcomes, policy trends, as well as detailed analysis of the drivers of paid and unpaid work and how more equal partnerships in families may help sustain fertility rates. The book examines policies to promote partnership, looking both at persistent shortcomings and progress achieved through reform since the mid-2000s. The book includes a set of policy recommendations designed to enable parents to share work and family responsibilities more equally.
Why decentralise the public employment service? What are the reasons for the increasing reliance on local management approaches in designing and implementing employment policies? These trends are not merely institutional changes, rather they reflect a change in strategy. To enhance the effectiveness of employment policy, governments attempt to provide greater flexibility in implementation, adapt national policies to local conditions, and stimulate involvement from all stakeholders. The impact of these reforms is widespread. They effect the role of the state, the division of power between government layers, and, most of all, employment itself.
This book provides the most comprehensive set of employment practices and experiences currently implemented in 26 countries available to date. A wide range of area-based approaches illustrates the need for flexible and specific answers to adapt to local conditions. To complete the picture, summary chapters outline new trends and common challenges governments face in designing and optimising employment policy decentralisation. It brings together papers from a Conference held in Venice in April 1998. [Decentralising Employment Policy: New Trends and Challenges] is essential reading for policy-makers, practitioners and all local actors involved in employment policies.
Increasingly, countries are recognising the contribution social enterprises make to economic and inclusive growth and sustainable development. While some form of legislation on social enterprises exists in 16 EU countries, and explicit policies or strategies to boost their development exist in the other 11 EU countries, policy makers recognise that legislation can help address current shortcomings and facilitate future social enterprise development. Based on consultations with more than 80 experts, policy makers and stakeholders from 10 European countries, this manual explains the rationale behind legal frameworks for social enterprises, identifies the critical factors for legal framework design and recommends actions to ensure legislation fully meets the needs of social enterprises. It lays out the fundamental steps related to the life cycle of legal frameworks and provides options that policy makers can use in the design and implementation process.
Drawing from a wide array of case studies, this book analyses best-practice local strategies for increasing workforce skills. And it also takes a close look at the opportunities and challenges presented by international migration. The in-depth case studies in this report range from Shanghai’s “Highland of Talent Strategy” to new “career ladders” which help immigrants escape low-skilled, low-paid employment in New York. National and local-level recommendations on local skills development are provided, for both OECD and non-OECD countries.
Eastern Caribbean countries enjoy rich natural endowments and have achieved significant economic development. Throughout the last decades, they have also been confronted with a number of rising economic, social and environmental challenges. To help them tackle these, and accelerate their development, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and the OECD have jointly designed a regional strategy scorecard, which is at the heart of the Development Strategy Assessment of the Eastern Caribbean.
The scorecard will help policy makers set priorities for the implementation of the OECS Development Strategy. Stronger resilience and capacity are the major guideposts towards both economic growth and social progress. The region can make much more of its green potential, with power generation topping the list. Improving regulation and reducing red tape can foster new, homegrown economic dynamism. Tourism, digital services and the sustainable ocean economy also offer untapped potential. Closing the skills gap, enhancing the quality of education and improving social protection are essential. Finally, as a red thread throughout, deeper regional integration would make it easier for OECS countries to pool resources in a range of areas, radically increasing the region’s potential for efficient governance, and accelerating the development of its human resources.
One in seven working-age adults identifies as having a disability in OECD countries, a share that is also substantial and growing among young people (8% in 2019). Many of them are excluded from meaningful work and have low levels of income and social engagement. This report documents the current labour market situation of people with disability, who continue to face large employment, unemployment and poverty gaps compared with people without disability. The report concludes that the goal set up some twenty years ago of making disability policies pro-active and employment-oriented has not been achieved. In particular, key areas of disability policy have received too little attention so far, such as policies to support young people with disability, improve the skills of people with disability, and intervene early in the course of a health problem or disability. The report calls for rigorous disability mainstreaming in all relevant policies and practices as the missing link to better labour market inclusion.
Across OECD countries, one in seven working-age adults identifies as having a disability. Many are excluded from meaningful work and have low levels of income and active social engagement. Becoming sick or disabled often leads people to leave the labour market even if they maintain work capacity and willingness to work. Governments and employers can help create an environment that prevents sickness and disability, promotes return-to-work and enables persons with disabilities to thrive in their job. The COVID-19 pandemic and its toll on physical and mental health has made the creation of an enabling environment more important than ever. This report proposes policy recommendations to the Irish government to improve the participation of persons with disabilities. Ireland has one of the highest disability employment gaps in OECD countries. Disability employment policy has seen significant improvement in the past decade but the reforms have not produced the desired results. This report shows that engaging employers is critically important to getting and keeping persons with disabilities in work. It also highlights the importance of further structural change and accessible and sufficiently resourced public employment and adult learning services to create a labour market that works for all – including for persons with disabilities.
One in seven working age adults identifies as having a disability in OECD countries. Many of them are excluded from meaningful work and have low levels of income and social engagement. Governments can help create an environment that supports social and labour market integration for people with disability. This report reviews the effectiveness of the social protection system for people with disability in Italy and summarises the results of a pilot carried out in four regions testing an alternative disability assessment. The current assessment process can sometimes deny services to people in need of support while being generous to people with significant health problems but who are not experiencing severe disability. A disability assessment that takes medical and functional aspects into account helps to direct services and resources to those most in need and to harmonise access to disability support across the country. Implementing disability reform has proved to be difficult in Italy in the past decade. This report provides evidence that reform can improve outcomes for people with disability.
Many people with health problems or disabilities leave the labour market permanently even if they still can and want to work. This can lead to low income and reduced social engagement. Governments and employers can help create an environment that supports job retention and a return to work in such situations. This report looks at one critical policy lever: the role of paid sick leave and sickness benefits in protecting workers’ health, jobs and incomes. Korea is among the very few OECD countries without statutory social protection for sick workers and is currently considering closing this gap in its welfare system. This report provides an overview of key features of sickness insurance systems in OECD countries and draws policy lessons for Korea to introduce equitable and adequate social protection for sick workers with a robust return-to-work component and financially sustainable payments that encourage employer involvement.
One in seven working‑age adults identifies as having a disability in OECD countries. Many of them are excluded from meaningful work and have low levels of income and social engagement. Becoming sick or disabled often leads people to leave the labour market even if they still can and want to work. Governments can help create an environment that supports a return‑to‑work for such people. This report reviews the Slovenian sickness and disability system and proposes recommendations to promote the employment of people with disability. Frequent long-term sickness absences are a growing issue in Slovenia, in part due to the design of the sickness insurance programme: workers falling ill get relatively high payments, for an unlimited time, with no activation or return-to-work offers. This report shows that intervening early is key to preventing sickness claimants from exiting the labour force. For this to occur, employers and occupational experts have to be involved sooner than at present, in a structured vocational rehabilitation process. Sickness insurance reform should provide the right work incentives, align sickness and disability assessment for long-term sickness claimants, and cap the maximum sickness benefit payment period. Cooperation between all key stakeholders in different phases of the process is critical. Such cooperation will allow the much-needed creation of a joint body responsible for the assessment of sickness, disability and vocational rehabilitation needs.
In the three decades to the recent economic downturn, wage gaps widened and household income inequality as measured by GINI increased in a large majority of OECD countries. This occurred even when countries were going through a period of sustained economic and employment growth. This report analyses the major underlying forces behind these developments. It examines to which extent economic globalisation, skill-biased technological progress and institutional and regulatory reforms have had an impact on the distribution of earnings. The report further provides evidence of how changes in family formation and household structures have altered household earnings and income inequality. And it documents how tax and benefit systems have changed in the ways they redistribute household incomes. The report discusses which policies are most promising to counter increases in inequalities and how the policy mix can be adjusted when public budgets are under strain.
"Analyses rely on simple statistical techniques that are accessible to a large readership... the graphic and charts are of great help to gain a quick visual grasp of the various issues addressed."
-Choice
All OECD governments want to give parents more choice in their work and family decisions. This book looks at the different ways in which governments support families. It seeks to provide answers to questions like: Is spending on family benefits going up, and how does it vary by the age of the child? Has the crisis affected public support for families? What is the best way of helping adults to have the number of children they desire? What are the effects of parental leave programmes on female labour supply and on child well-being? Are childcare costs a barrier to parental employment and can flexible workplace options help? What is the best time for mothers to go back to work after childbirth? And what are the best policies to reduce poverty among sole parents?
Nei Paesi OCSE, un adulto in età lavorativa su sette si identifica quale persona con disabilità. Molte di loro sono escluse dalla possibilità di avere un lavoro significativo e hanno bassi livelli di reddito e di impegno sociale. I governi possono contribuire a creare un ambiente che sostenga l'integrazione sociale e lavorativa delle persone con disabilità. Il presente rapporto esamina l'efficacia del sistema di protezione sociale per le persone con disabilità in Italia. Riassume inoltre i risultati di un progetto pilota condotto in quattro regioni per testare una valutazione alternativa della disabilità. L'attuale processo di valutazione può talvolta negare i servizi alle persone che hanno bisogno di sostegno, mentre è generoso con le persone con problemi di salute significativi ma che non presentano una disabilità grave. Una valutazione della disabilità che tenga conto degli aspetti medici e funzionali, aiuta a indirizzare i servizi e le risorse verso le persone più bisognose. Inoltre, aiuta ad armonizzare l'accesso alle prestazioni e ai servizi di disabilità in tutto il Paese. L'attuazione della riforma sulla disabilità si è rivelata difficile in Italia. Il presente rapporto offre evidenza del fatto che la riforma può migliorare le condizioni delle persone con disabilità.
Die fehlenden Unternehmer 2019" ist die fünfte Ausgabe einer Reihe von zweijährlichen Jahresberichten, die sich mit damit befassen, wie Politikmaßnahmen auf nationaler, regionaler und lokaler Ebene die Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen unterstützen kann, indem sie Unternehmensgründungen sowie selbstständige Tätigkeiten von Menschen aus benachteiligten oder unterrepräsentierten sozialen Gruppen fördert (z. B. Frauen, Jugendliche, Senioren, Arbeitslose, Einwanderer, Menschen mit Behinderungen). Der vorliegende Bericht bietet Daten und Analysen zu Ausmaß und Umfang von Unternehmertum und selbstständigen Tätigkeiten dieser sozialen Zielgruppen, einschließlich der Selbstständigkeitsquote, der Wachstumserwartungen, der Einschätzung unternehmerischer Fähigkeiten und mehr. Die Ausgabe enthält Fachkapitel, die sich auf zwei politische Fragestellungen konzentrieren: Das Potenzial von Politikmaßnahmen digitales Unternehmertum für Leute aus den unterrepräsentierten und benachteiligten Gruppen zu unterstützen und das Potenzial von Politikmaßnahmen, die Skalierbarkeit von Unternehmen zu fördern, die von unterrepräsentierten und benachteiligten Gruppen gegründet wurden. Jedes Kapitel behandelt die wesentlichen Themen und politischen Herausforderungen und bietet Beispiele für mögliche politische Ansätze und Ratschläge für politische Entscheidungsträger. Anschließend werden in Länderprofilen neue Trends im Unternehmertum der sozialen Zielgruppen sowie wesentliche politische Herausforderungen und jüngste politische Maßnahmen aller 28 EU-Mitgliedstaaten vorgestellt.
Dinâmicas do desenvolvimento em África usa as lições de cinco regiões do continente – África Central, África Oriental, Norte de África, África Austral e África Ocidental – para desenvolver recomendações em matéria de políticas públicas e partilhar boas práticas. Com base nas estatísticas mais recentes, esta análise das dinâmicas de desenvolvimento visa ajudar os líderes africanos a cumprirem as metas da Agenda 2063 da União Africana a todos os níveis: continental, regional, nacional e local.
A edição de 2021, agora publicada no início do ano, analisa a forma como a digitalização pode criar empregos de qualidade e contribuir para a concretização da Agenda 2063, tornando assim as economias africanas mais resilientes à recessão mundial desencadeada pela pandemia do COVID-19. O relatório identifica quatro áreas principais para a transformação digital de África: colmatar o fosso digital, apoiar a inovação local, capacitar os trabalhadores independentes, e harmonizar, aplicar e monitorizar as estratégias digitais. Esta edição inclui um novo capítulo que analisa as perspetivas de financiamento do desenvolvimento de África no contexto da crise económica mundial de 2020.
Dinâmicas do desenvolvimento em África tem por vocação alimentar o debate entre os membros da União Africana, assim como os cidadãos e os empreendedores. O seu objetivo é contribuir para um novo modelo de colaboração entre países e entre regiões centrado na aprendizagem mútua e na preservação dos bens comuns. O relatório é o resultado de uma parceria entre a Comissão da União Africana e o Centro de Desenvolvimento da OCDE.
Die Ausgabe enthält Fachkapitel mit Politikdebatten zur Qualität der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit, einschließlich neuer Formen der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit wie der abhängigen selbstständigen Erwerbstätigkeit und der Scheinselbstständigkeit. Sie enthält auch Debatten zum Potenzial der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit als Anpassungsmechanismus bei umfassenden Unternehmensumstrukturierungen. Jedes Fachkapitel bietet einen Überblick über aktuelle Politikdebatten und Herausforderungen, und formuliert im Anschluss Empfehlungen an Entscheidungsträger. Anschließend werden in Länderprofilen neue Trends im Unternehmertum der sozialen Zielgruppen sowie wesentliche politische Herausforderungen und jüngste politische Maßnahmen aller 28 EU-Mitgliedstaaten vorgestellt.
Die Ausgabe enthält Fachkapitel mit Politikdebatten zur Qualität der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit, einschließlich neuer Formen der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit wie der abhängigen selbstständigen Erwerbstätigkeit und der Scheinselbstständigkeit. Sie enthält auch Debatten zum Potenzial der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit als Anpassungsmechanismus bei umfassenden Unternehmensumstrukturierungen. Jedes Fachkapitel bietet einen Überblick über aktuelle Politikdebatten und Herausforderungen, und formuliert im Anschluss Empfehlungen an Entscheidungsträger. Anschließend werden in Länderprofilen neue Trends im Unternehmertum der sozialen Zielgruppen sowie wesentliche politische Herausforderungen und jüngste politische Maßnahmen aller 28 EU-Mitgliedstaaten vorgestellt.
Dinâmicas do desenvolvimento em África Quais são as principais tendências económicas e sociais em África? Qual o papel africano na globalização? Este novo relatório anual apresenta uma África aberta ao mundo e voltada para o futuro. tira partido das lições aprendidas nas cinco regiões africanas – Austral, Central, Norte de África, Ocidental e Oriental – para desenvolver recomendações e partilhar boas práticas. O relatório identifica políticas inovadoras e propõe recomendações práticas de políticas adaptadas às especificidades das economias africanas.
Partindo das mais recentes estatísticas disponíveis, esta análise das dinâmicas do desenvolvimento pretende ajudar os líderes africanos a atingir as metas da Agenda 2063 da União Africana a todos os níveis: continental, regional e nacional. Este relatório centrar-se-á num tema estratégico todos os anos. A presente edição explora as dinâmicas do crescimento, do emprego e das desigualdades, e propõe dez ações decisivas para promover um desenvolvimento social e económico sustentável e fortalecer as instituições em África.
O presente volume promove um debate sobre políticas entre as nações da União Africana, os cidadãos, os empresários e os investigadores. A sua ambição é fazer parte de uma nova cooperação entre países e regiões centrada na aprendizagem mútua e na preservação dos bens comuns. Este relatório resulta de uma parceria entre a Comissão da União Africana e o Centro de Desenvolvimento da OCDE.
La desigualdad de ingresos va en aumento. Un cuarto de siglo atrás, el ingreso disponible promedio del 10% más rico de la población de los países de la OCDE ganaba cerca de siete veces más que el 10% más pobre; hoy, gana alrededor de nueve y media veces más. ¿Por qué es importante este dato? Muchos temen que esta creciente brecha es perjudicial para las personas, las sociedades e incluso las economías. En este libro se explora la desigualdad de ingresos bajo tres principales categorías. Se empieza por explicar algunos términos clave abordados en el discurso sobre desigualdad. Después se analizan las tendencias recientes y se describe por qué la desigualdad de ingresos varía entre un país y otro. A continuación, se estudian las razones del aumento de las brechas en los ingresos y, en particular, el incremento del 1% ubicado en el extremo superior. Asimismo, se abordan las consecuencias de lo anterior, incluidos los resultados de la investigación, los cuales sugieren que el crecimiento de la desigualdad lesionaría el crecimiento económico. Por último, se revisan las políticas para hacer frente a la desigualdad y aumentar el carácter incluyente de las economías.
La digitalización, la globalización, así como los cambios demográficos y de la estructura laboral están readaptando constantemente las necesidades de habilidades. Esto puede conducir a una escasez y disparidad persistentes de las mismas, que son costosas para los individuos, las empresas y la sociedad en términos de reducción de salarios, de una menor productividad y menos crecimiento. Estos costos pueden reducirse mediante una mejor evaluación y anticipación de las necesidades cambiantes de habilidades y mejorando la capacidad de respuesta para desarrollarlas y enfrentar dichos cambios.
Este informe identifica estrategias efectivas para mejorar la información del mercado laboral con respecto a las necesidades de habilidades y asegurar que esta información se utilice efectivamente para desarrollar las habilidades correctas. Proporciona una evaluación comparativa de las prácticas en 29 países en las siguientes áreas: i) recopilación de información sobre las necesidades actuales y futuras de habilidades; ii) el uso de esta información para guiar sobre políticas de desarrollo de habilidades en las áreas de trabajo, educación y migración; y iii) mecanismos de gestión para garantizar una buena coordinación entre los actores clave en la recopilación y el uso de información relacionada con las necesidades de habilidades.
Was sind die Hintergründe und entscheidenden Fragen bei der Förderung einer partnerschaftlichen Aufgabenteilung in Familie und Beruf in Deutschland? Dieser Bericht soll die Politikverantwortlichen in Deutschland darin bestärken, die wichtigen seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre eingeleiteten Reformen weiterzuführen, um die Vereinbarkeit von beruflichen und familiären Pflichten für Väter und Mütter zu verbessern. Für die Familien heißt das: „Mehr Partnerschaftlichkeit wagen“. Die deutschen Erfahrungen werden dabei im internationalen Vergleich untersucht, u.a. mit Blick auf Frankreich und die nordischen Länder, die seit langem eine Politik zur Förderung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf sowie zur Stärkung der Geschlechtergleichstellung verfolgen. Der Bericht beginnt mit einem Übersichtskapitel, in dem erklärt wird, warum und wie sich Partnerschaftlichkeit für Familien, Kinder sowie Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft insgesamt auszahlt. Vorgestellt werden aktuelle Daten, Politiktrends sowie detaillierte Analysen der ausschlaggebenden Faktoren für die Aufteilung von bezahlter und unbezahlter Arbeit, einschließlich der Frage, wie mehr Partnerschaftlichkeit in Familie und Beruf zu höheren Geburtenraten führen kann. Außerdem werden Politikmaßnahmen zur Förderung der Partnerschaftlichkeit untersucht, wobei sich der Blick sowohl auf nach wie vor bestehende Unzulänglichkeiten als auch auf die Fortschritte richtet, die mit den seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre eingeleiteten Reformen erzielt wurden. Der Bericht enthält eine Reihe von Politikempfehlungen, deren Ziel es ist, Eltern eine ausgewogenere Aufteilung beruflicher und familiärer Pflichten zu ermöglichen.